question

Niccolo Machiavelli

answer

(1469-1527) author of The Prince (16th century); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of most influential authors of Italian Renaissance.

question

humanism

answer

focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages.

question

Northern Renaissance

answer

cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance around 1450; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and German; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance.

question

Francis I

answer

King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor.

question

Johannes Gutenberg

answer

introduced moveable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets.

question

European-style family

answer

originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married.

question

Martin Luther

answer

(1483-1546) German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door to Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church.

question

Protestantism

answer

general wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief.

question

Anglican church

answer

form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death.

question

Jean Calvin

answer

French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established canter of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America.

question

Catholic reformation

answer

restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs.

question

Jesuits

answer

a new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia.

question

Edict of Nantes

answer

grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions.

question

Thirty Years War

answer

war within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.

question

Treaty of Westphalia

answer

ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-- either Protestant or Catholic.

question

English Civil War

answer

conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king.

question

proletariat

answer

class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries.

question

witchcraft persecution

answer

reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas.

question

Scientific Revolution

answer

culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages.

question

Copernicus

answer

Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the Earth was the center of the universe.

question

Johannes Kepler

answer

(December 27, 1517 - November 15, 1630) was an astronomer and mathematician who was a prominent figure in the scientific revolution.

question

Galileo

answer

published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work.

question

William Harvey

answer

English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as pump.

question

Francis Bacon

answer

(22 January 1561 - 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, author, and scientist. He was an influential member of the scientific revolution, and is best known for work on the scientific method.

question

René Descartes

answer

established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature.

question

Isaac Newton

answer

(1643-1727) English scientist; author of Principia Mathematica; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity.

question

deism

answer

concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun.

question

John Locke

answer

(1632-1704) English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government came from the people, not from divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants.

question

absolute monarchy

answer

concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churched, imposed state economic policies.

question

Louis XIV

answer

(1638-1715) French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy; best example of absolute monarchy

question

Glorious Revolution

answer

English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king.

question

parliamentary monarchy

answer

originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments.

question

Frederick the Great

answer

Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy.

question

Enlightenment

answer

intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior.

question

Adam Smith

answer

established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces.

question

Denis Diderot

answer

(October 5, 1713 - July 31, 1784) a French Enlightenment figure best known for his work on the first encyclopedia.

question

Mary Wollstonecraft

answer

(1750-1797) Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that political rights should extend to women.

question

mass consumerism

answer

refers to the spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services spreading below elite levels, along with a growing economy capacity to afford some of these goods. While hints of mass consumerism can be found in several premodern societies, it developed most clearly, beginning in western Europe, from the 18th century onward.

question

1. Renaissance 2. Protestant Remformation 3. Absolute Monarchy 4. The Enlightenment

answer

Eras of the Transformation of the West

question

Europe and Americas

answer

What areas of the world does "the west" refer to?

question

secular

answer

outside of the church

question

Italy

answer

Where did Renaissance begin?

question

The Vatican City

answer

a city-state in Rome, Italy.

question

Petrarch

answer

wrote about his experience of climbing a mountain.

question

Boccaccio and Petrarch

answer

both wrote on love and pride; wrote stories in Italian; had a new style of writing that included more focus on everyday life rather than gods.

question

4 Impacts of Italian Renaissance

answer

1. military tactics because of wars in city-states. 2. leaders justified their authority of the general well-being of the city-state. 3. city-states introduce a regular exchange of ambassadors. 4. merchants improved banking techniques.

question

Michelangelo

answer

applied classical styles in painting and culture.

question

Leonardo da Vinci

answer

realistic portrayal of human body.

question

Shakespeare & Cervantes

answer

wrote a new set of classics for literary traditions in major western languages.

question

European-style families

answer

married in late 20's & have a nuclear family of parents and children. Marriage is now based on access to property.

question

Martin Luther

answer

began Protestant reformation in 1517; believed that the Bible is the only thing that should be followed; wrote the 95 Theses.

question

95 Theses

answer

-protested against the selling of indulgences - monasticism is wrong - priests could marry - people should have the Bible in their own language

question

Lutheranism

answer

supported by the common people because it sanctioned money making.

question

Elizabeth I

answer

first Protestant ruler of England.

question

Calvinism

answer

sought the participation of all believers in church administration which had political implications of encouraging the ideal of wider access to the government; strong in Switzerland, parts of Germany & France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland.

question

Catholic Reformation

answer

helped to defend the Catholic church in southern Europe, Austria, Poland, much of Hungary, and key parts of Germany.

question

3 Things True of Thirty Years War

answer

1. Reduced German prosperity & power for a full century. 2. Political independence for Netherlands. 3. Some German states chose one religion, & some the other.

question

3 Typical Things of the Commercial Revolution

answer

1. substantial imports of American bullion (silver & gold). 2. Formation of great trading company. 3. Stimulation of manufacturing.

question

3 Responses to the Commercial Revolution in the West

answer

1. Greater material wealth, greater family life. 2. Rising waves of popular protest caused by massive dislocation. 3. Greater belief in personal achievement and the demystification of nature.

question

Typical of 16th Century Absolute Monarchies

answer

1. professional armies 2. cessation of parliamentary governments 3. growing bureaucracy

question

England

answer

What country stayed in parliamentary regime?

question

Prussia

answer

What was the basic structure of absolute monarchy outside of France?

question

potatoes

answer

What was a staple crop in Europe?

question

James Kay

answer

introduced the flying shuttle to automate weaving.

Chapter 17 AP World History – Flashcards with Answers

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards