Chapter 16, 17, 18, & 19 Final (Multiple Choice) – Flashcards
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The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century a. was stimulated by a revived interest in Galen and Aristotle. b. directly resulted from reaction and revolt against the social and historical conditions of the Middle Ages. c. was largely due to a monastic revolution. d. although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries. e. was a complete break with the past.
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d. although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.
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2. All of the following are considered possible influences and causes of the Scientific Revolution except a. the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth-century universities. b. mathematical and naturalistic skills of Renaissance artists. c. the Hermetic belief in magic and alchemy. d. the humanists' rediscovery of Greek mathematicians and thinkers. e. the inspired work of a few intellectuals.
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a. the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth-century universities.
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3. Which of these ancient authorities was not relied on by medieval scholars? a. Aristotle b. Galen c. Ptolemy d. Galileo e. Plato
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d. Galileo
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4. According to Leonardo da Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things? a. astronomy b. art c. biology d. the Bible e. mathematics.
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e. mathematics.
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5. Scholars devoted to Hermeticism a. believed that the world was a very recent creation still imperfect. b. credited the devil with control over the dark secrets of nature. c. saw the world as a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature. d. retreated from study of the natural world to concentrate on mastery of theories of magic. e. aandd
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c. saw the world as a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature.
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6. The general conception of the universe before Copernicus was that a. it was orderly with heaven at the center and the earth circling around it. b. the earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it. c. the earth rested on the shell of a giant tortoise. d. it could not be revealed according to God's will. e. the world was flat.
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b. the earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it.
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The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas? a. astronomy, medicine, and mechanics. b. astronomy, botany, and chemistry c. biology, mechanics, and ballistics d. engineering, physics, and dentistry e. biology, surgery, and astronomy
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a. astronomy, medicine, and mechanics.
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The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as a. God's master plan. b. the geocentric conception. c. the lunacentric conception. d. the expanding universe. e. the pantheistic theory.
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b. the geocentric conception.
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Copernicus preferred the heliocentric model because a. as a Protestant, he felt free to disagree with the Pope. b. it earned him lots of money and fame. c. it made the planetary orbits easier to calculate. d. he regarded the Sun as the most powerful god e. the sun is the source of all energy on earth.
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c. it made the planetary orbits easier to calculate.
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Copernicus's major book was titled a. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. b. Novum Organum. c. Principia. d. On the Motion of the Heart and Blood. e. The Great Instauration.
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a. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
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The immediate reaction of the clerics to the theories of Copernicus was a. condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible. b. broad approval motivated by their now higher educational achievements. c. confused silence. d. the calling of the Council of Dort by Protestants and Catholics to question the astronomer closely prior to trial for blasphemy. e. apathy because they could not understand either his theory or his calculations.
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a. condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible.
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The ideas of Copernicus were a. radically different from Aristotle's principle of the existence of heavenly spheres. b. nearly as complicated as those of Ptolemy. c. were just like the ideas of today. d. quite consistent with Biblical ideas. e. similar to those of Ptolemy but different from those of Aristotle.
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b. nearly as complicated as those of Ptolemy.
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Following upon Copernicus's heliocentric theories a. Johannes Kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed Copernicus's heliocentric theory but that showed the orbits were elliptical. b. Kepler observed the heavens and proved that planetary motion was circular around the sun. c. Kepler used magic to prove that the earth moved in a manner based on geometric figures, trying to bring harmony of the human soul into alignment with the universe. d. Galileo and Kepler demonstrated that the motion of the planets is steady and unchanging. e. Kepler discovered the three laws of thermodynamics.
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a. Johannes Kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed Copernicus's heliocentric theory but that showed the orbits were elliptical.
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Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by a. working out the theory of inertia. b. making accurate observations of the planets. c. calculating the pull of gravity on the tides by the moon. d. calculating the distance to the sun. e. inventing the astrolabe.
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b. making accurate observations of the planets.
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Johannes Kepler was the first astronomer to show that a. the planets are made of earth-like material. b. planetary orbits are elliptical. c. the stars are immensely far away. d. everything is an illusion. e. the moon orbits around the earth.
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b. planetary orbits are elliptical.
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Galileo wrote a. nothing of note. b. a translation of the Bible in Italian. c. The Starry Messenger. d. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. e. Principia.
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c. The Starry Messenger.
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The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was a. Galileo. b. Copernicus. c. Brahe. d. Kepler. e. Newton
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a. Galileo.
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Galileo was convicted of heresy and sentenced to house arrest for life in 1633 for a. denying the existence of God. b. dropping heavy objects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. c. being a recipient of Medici funding. d. claiming that Copernicus was in league with the Devil. e. ridiculing the Ptolemaic model in print.
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e. ridiculing the Ptolemaic model in print.
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Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems was really an attempt to a. embarrass Copernicus. b. support Copernicus through a publication in Italian accessible to a wide audience. c. attack Luther and Protestant theological restrictions on scientific inquiry. d. apologize to the church for earlier theories he now saw as mistaken. e. oppose the dogma and doctrine of the Catholic Church.
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b. support Copernicus through a publication in Italian accessible to a wide audience
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What actions did the Catholic Church pursue concerning Galileo and his ideas? a. authorities reluctantly agreed to his theories b. turned him over to the Papal Curia. c. allowed Galileo six months to change his mind concerning his theories d. forced to recant them in a trial before the Inquisition e. turned him over to the Inquisition to be tortured
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d. forced to recant them in a trial before the Inquisition
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Galileo's ideas on motion included the a. law of planetary motion. b. idea that a rush of air behind a projectile kept it in motion. c. law of force x distance. d. spring reaction model. e. principle of inertia.
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e. principle of inertia.
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Isaac Newton's scientific discoveries a. were resisted more in his own country, England, than in the rest of Europe. b. although readily accepted in his own country, were resisted on the continent. c. were modern in their removal of God from universal laws. d. were among the first to be printed in a language other than Latin. e. were initially condemned by the Church of England and the Archbishop of Canterbury.
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b. although readily accepted in his own country, were resisted on the continent.
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Newton's contribution to astronomy was to prove that a. the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth. b. accurate observation is the foundation of sound theory. c. the earth is at the center of the solar system. d. nothing can ever really be proven. e. the moon is not made of green cheese.
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a. the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth.
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Newton invented a. a technique for unclogging arteries. b. a new type of kiln. c. mathematics. d. the calculus e. alchemical principles still drawn on to this day.
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d. the calculus
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Newton's major work was a. Novum Organum. b. Principia. c. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. d. Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy. e. Utopia.
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b. Principia.
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Paracelsus revolutionized the world of medicine in the sixteenth century by a. disproving Galen's ancient theory of two separate blood systems. b. dissecting human rather than animal cadavers. c. advocating the chemical philosophy of medicine. d. rejecting the medieval medical philosophy of the four humors. e. discovering the circulation of blood throughout the body.
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c. advocating the chemical philosophy of medicine
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Among the following, who is not associated with major changes in sixteenth and seventeenth-century scientific research? a. Vesalius b. Harvey c. Paracelsus d. Galen e. Boyle
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d. Galen
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On the Fabric of the Human Body a. was Andreas Vesalius' masterpiece on anatomical structure. b. contained William Harvey's theories on blood circulation. c. contained Paracelsus' theories on a macrocosm- microcosm universe. d. was Galen's masterpiece that influenced so many doctors in the Middle Ages. e. was Cavendish's theory of human dissection.
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a. was Andreas Vesalius' masterpiece on anatomical structure.
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William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of a. the immune system being associated with the pancreas. b. the brain stem being disconnected from the brain. c. the independent functioning of the lymph system. d. herbal healing. e. the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood.
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e. the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood.
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The scientist whose work led to the law that states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted upon it and who argued that matter is composed of atoms, later known as the chemical elements, was a. William Harvey. b. Paracelsus. c. Andreas Vesalius. d. Robert Boyle. e. Antoine Lavoisier.
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d. Robert Boyle.
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Antoine Lavoisier a. discovered the law of gasses. b. gave scientific proof to the theories of Newton. c. reconciled religion and reason in his Pensees. d. was the father of the Scientific Revolution. e. is regarded as the founder of modern chemistry.
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e. is regarded as the founder of modern chemistry.
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The role of women in the Scientific Revolution is illustrated by a. the scientific community's growing acceptance of female members. b. Maria Merian's breakthrough in astronomy. c. Margaret Cavendish, who participated in her era's scientific debates. d. Maria Winkelmann, an entomologist accepted into the Berlin Academy of Sciences. e. the exclusion and absence of women from any scientific investigations.
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c. Margaret Cavendish, who participated in her era's scientific debates.
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The overall effect of the Scientific Revolution on the argument about women was to a. dispel traditional myths of female inferiority. b. increase the role of women in the child-bearing process. c. generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance. d. demonstrate that there was no inherent skeletal differences between the sexes. e. allow women to enroll in most of Europe's universities
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c. generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance.
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Margaret Cavendish attacked the belief a. that humans through science were masters of nature. b. that science was for the benefit of all humanity. c. in women being equal to men, despite her position. d. of a Newtonian world-machine. e. of a heliocentric universe.
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a. that humans through science were masters of nature.
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Maria Winkelmann a. was an English aristocrat. b. a German astronomer. c. became a member of the Berlin Academy and England's Royal Society for her scientific work. d. was the mother of the more famous Robert Boyle. e. bandc
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b. a German astronomer.
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Benedict Spinoza believed that women a. were equal to men. b. were little more than animals without a soul. c. were "naturally" inferior to men. d. could stand on their own, but society functioned far better when men alone ruled. e. were superior to men in their intellects but not in their emotions.
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c. were "naturally" inferior to men.
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The philosophy of René Descartes a. stressed a separation of mind and matter. b. stressed a holistic universe of mind and matter devoid of a creator-God. c. saw the material world as a living thing containing the human essence. d. would not have a wide influence upon Western thought until the nineteenth century. e. was condemned by the government of the Dutch Republic.
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a. stressed a separation of mind and matter.
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What was the name of Descartes' book that expounded his theories about the universe? a. On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies b. On the Fabric of the Human Body c. Two Natures d. Mind Over Matter e. Discourse on Method
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e. Discourse on Method
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Descartes believed that the world could be understood by a. the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking. b. quiet contemplation and following of the Scriptures. c. mystical experiences. d. interpreting dreams and applying that knowledge to our everyday lives. e. incorporating the mind with the body.
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a. the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking
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The Foundation of Francis Bacon's methodology was a. inductive reasoning. b. speculative reasoning. c. deductive reasoning. d. triangulation. e. nonsense.
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a. inductive reasoning.
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Organized religions in the seventeenth century a. conceded the accomplishments of science and separated theology from science proper. b. rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world. c. contributed greatly to scientific research. d. largely ignored science as merely a "toy for the minds of God's children." e. rapidly reoriented their theologies to accept the findings of modern science.
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b. rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world.
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Benedict de Spinoza a. believed that humans were created separate from nature in order to rule the earth. b. claimed that God was not just the creator the universeGod was the universe. c. accepted Descartes' theory about the separation between mind and matter. d. rejected all forms of pantheistic belief. e. disagreed with the theory of a heliocentric universe.
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b. claimed that God was not just the creator the universeGod was the universe.
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For Spinoza, the failure to understand God led to a. false worship of nature. b. people using nature for their own self-interest. c. a lack of moral judgment of others. d. sexual perversion. e. the establishment of divine right monarchies.
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b. people using nature for their own self-interest.
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In his work Pensees, Pascal a. showed that science and religion were incompatible. b. popularized the scientific method. c. offered his thoughts on the heliocentric theory. d. attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions. e. advocated the importance of thought.
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d. attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions.
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For Blaise Pascal, humans a. could know infinity through reason. b. were the summation of all things. c. could only understand that which is revealed to them by the Bible. d. were uniquely separate from the rest of the animal world. e. could not understand infinity, only God could.
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e. could not understand infinity, only God could.
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Concerning the first important scientific societies, the French Academy differed from the English Royal Society in the former's a. government support and control. b. publication of scientific journals. c. focus on theoretical work in mechanics and astronomy. d. belief that science should proceed along the lines of a cooperative venture. e. lack of support by the French government.
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a. government support and control.
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During the seventeenth century, royal and princely patronage of science a. declined greatly. b. was common only in Italy. c. became an international phenomenon. d. replaced funding by the church. e. was directed only towards pure research.
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c. became an international phenomenon.
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The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first a. fund-raising events for medical research. b. scientific journals appearing regularly. c. code of ethics for experimentation on humans and animals. d. college departments for scientific study. e. international European institutions for the study of all branches of science and mathematics.
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b. scientific journals appearing regularly.
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Science became an integral part of Western culture in the eighteenth century because a. people perceived it to be rationally superior to other belief systems. b. its mechanistic nature was popular with the lower classes. c. the victory of radical political groups, such as the Levellers, following the Puritan Revolution encouraged freedom of expression. d. it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order. e. it allowed an alternative religious belief system to that of Christianity.
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d. it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order.
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Which one of the following comments best summarizes the impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization? a. It was of little consequence. b. The term "Revolution" is a misnomer that ought not be applied. c. It was a major turning point. d. It destroyed the moral foundation of a Christian civilization. e. It was a minor turning point.
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c. It was a major turning point.
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The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was a. Voltaire. b. Diderot. c. Hume. d. Beccaria. e. Fontenelle.
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e. Fontenelle.
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Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended a. the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life. b. the rational dismantling of all churches and their competing but empty ideologies. c. a complete stop to all efforts at the reform of justice. d. rigorous state control of all forms of education. e. the establishment of democratic republics throughout Europe.
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a. the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.
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Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as a. "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity." b. "the end of tyranny." c. "a new era of equality for all." d. "a false intimation of future woes." e. "the proxy for real progress"
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a. "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity."
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European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of a. anti-Semitism and sharper persecution of minorities. b. secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life. c. sophism and the mockery of past traditions. d. monastic schools and medieval modes of training religious thinkers. e. the complete separation of church from state.
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b. secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.
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The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they a. popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion. b. portray churches as allies of scientific progress. c. discourage amateur conversations about scientific matters. d. question the capacity of women to comprehend scientific discourse. e. advocated the replacement of Catholicism with Protestantism because the latter was "freer."
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a. popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.
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A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of a. James Cook. b. Ferdinand de Lesseps. c. Zheng He. d. David Hume. e. Ferdinand Magellan.
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a. James Cook.
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Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with a. a passion for evil. b. love in their heart. c. the image of god in their mind's eye. d. a blank slate. e. a mixture of their parent's beliefs and values.
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d. a blank slate.
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The French philosophes a. flourished in an atmosphere of government support. b. sought no extension of Enlightenment to other disciplines. c. were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality. d. supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own. e. were widely influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his emphasis upon emotions.
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c. were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.
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Isaac Newton and John Locke a. created two antagonistic religious systems of thought. b. provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society. c. claimed that mathematics and science would bring about the cure for the evils of society but only very slowly. d. said the philosophes were the prophets of the future and that their rejection of the scientific revolution was justified. e. had little influence on the later Enlightenment as they were perceived to be figures of the "old" seventeenth century.
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b. provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
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The French philosophes mostly included people from a. the nobility and the middle class. b. the lower class and the lower middle class. c. aristocracy and nobility. d. urban artisans and craftsmen. e. the universities.
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a. the nobility and the middle class.
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In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where a. the legislature exercises absolute and unlimited power. b. the king exercises absolute and unlimited power. c. power is divided between the three branches of government. d. the nobility is uninvolved. e. all government resources are focused on military power.
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c. power is divided between the three branches of government.
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The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was a. Geneva. b. Berlin. c. London. d. Vienna. e. Paris.
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e. Paris.
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A key new type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was a. psychological autobiography. b. travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures. c. ribald stories of peasant ignorance. d. aristocratic joke books showing the bad humor of supposed social elites. e. scientific treatises based upon philosophical induction.
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b. travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.
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The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was a. Denis Diderot. b. Adam Smith. c. Francois Quesnay. d. Cesare Beccaria. e. David Hume.
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c. Francois Quesnay.
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Voltaire was best known for his criticism of a. the German monarchical system. b. the separation of church and state. c. religious intolerance. d. Plato and the Greeks. e. Chinese civilization.
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c. religious intolerance.
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An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was a. Mary Wollstonecraft. b. Marie Antoinette. c. Mary Astell. d. Catherine the Great. e. the Marquise du Chatelet.
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e. the Marquise du Chatelet.
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Deism is the belief that a. religion is fairy tales to frighten the superstitious. b. if God exists, he has no interest in the world. c. God created the universe but does not actively run it d. a transcendent spirit controls every event. e. praying matters.
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c. God created the universe but does not actively run it
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The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to a. get the uneducated masses to respect authority. b. usher in God's kingdom on earth. c. dispute the claims of science. d. exacerbate the hedonism of his peers. e. change the general way of thinking.
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e. change the general way of thinking.
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The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to a. scientific theism. b. an abandonment of the scientific method. c. intellectual stagnation. d. the formation of several agnostic religious movements. e. the social sciences.
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e. the social sciences.
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Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his a. great play "Is Rome Burning?" b. 28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes. c. autobiography published in French. d. biography of Newton, "the greatest European." e. unconditional support for enlightened despotism.
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b. 28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes.
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Adam Smith believed that government a. should not interfere in people's economic decisions. b. set prices across the board to maintain stability. c. should encourage people to share and help each other. d. has a responsibility to the people to manage the economy. e. is not necessary and should be eliminated entirely.
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a. should not interfere in people's economic decisions.
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The author of The Progress of the Human Mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was a. Condorcet. b. Holbach. c. Quesnay. d. Arouet. e. Danton.
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a. Condorcet.
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Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"? a. Baron Paul d'Holbach b. Jean-Jacques Rousseau c. Denis Diderot d. Francois Quesnay e. Voltaire
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b. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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Montesquieu's Persian Letters a. expressed his admiration of Islam and the East. b. was a translation of a great literary work from ancient Persia. c. was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy. d. was first written Latin but later translated into French. e. was published first in Italy.
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c. was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.
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For Rousseau, the "general will" was a. a meaningless abstraction and impediment to reason. b. derived from the law of supply and demand. c. a license to do as one pleased. d. a social consensus to which the individual must bow. e. identical to Locke's social contract.
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d. a social consensus to which the individual must bow.
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For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes? a. divine right monarchy b. marriage c. religion d. ignoring the "general will" e. private property
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e. private property
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Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes: a. proper child rearing and human education b. the best roles for women in making modern society c. the necessity of church marriage and reform of church teaching on this sacrament d. the abolition of the pope's restrictions on religious practices and the content of sermons e. the evils of child abuse.
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a. proper child rearing and human education
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Salons were a. literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed. b. luxurious carriages designed for long trips in the country. c. another name for bordellos. d. taverns in the poor districts where riots often started. e. lavish parties at court where nobles were entertained.
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a. literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed.
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The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by a. Mary Wollstonecraft. b. Beatrice Williams. c. Mary Astell. d. Princess Amelia of Austria. e. Maria Cavendish.
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a. Mary Wollstonecraft.
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The Baroque-Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was a. confined to France. b. expressed in the architectural works of Baron d'Holbach. c. evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann. d. characterized by strict geometric patterns and an emphasis on power. e. more sever and mathematical than the Baroque.
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c. evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.
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Choose the correct relationship between the Rococo artist and his work. a. Antoine WatteauReturn from Cythera b. Giovanni Battista TiepoloPlurality of Worlds c. Balthasar Neumannpilgrimage church of the Sitzkrieg Vierzehnheiligen d. Domenikus Zimmermannthe salon e. Bernini Versailles
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a. Antoine Watteau - Return from Cythera
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Johann Sebastian Bach a. was best known for his cantatas and motets. b. became a close German confidant of Voltaire. c. produced religious music as a way to worship God. d. was the major Catholic composer of the seventeenth century. e. wrote Messiah.
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c. produced religious music as a way to worship God.
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European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by a. Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire. b. Handel, the most religiously inspired of the period's composers. c. the strictly elitist, aristocratic works of Haydn. d. the innovative, secular compositions of Bach. e. the neoclassical works of Wagner.
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a. Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire.
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Which eighteenth-century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro? a. Bach b. Handel c. Haydn d. Beethoven e. Mozart
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e. Mozart
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Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers: a. epic poetry b. autobiography c. novels d. short stories e. histories of the Middle Ages
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c. novels
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The English writer who argued in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better educated was a. Anne Stuart. b. Mary Astell. c. Mary Wollstonecraft. d. Jane Austin. e. Maria Cavendish.
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b. Mary Astell.
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The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was a. Antoine Watteau. b. Balthasar Neumann. c. Madam Geoffrin. d. Rembrandt. e. Caspar David Friedrich.
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a. Antoine Watteau.
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The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of a. private tutors. b. magazines for the general public. c. compulsory education for the general public. d. state investments in free books. e. libraries.
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b. magazines for the general public.
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High culture in eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the a. enormous impact of the publishing industry. b. decline of French as an international language. c. decline of the magazine with the rise of the novel. d. increased dependency of authors on wealthy patrons. e. complete freedom of the press.
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a. enormous impact of the publishing industry.
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The eighteenth century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is a. Bach's St. Matthew's Passion. b. Haydn's The Seasons. c. Handel's Messiah. d. Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro. e. Wagner's The Ring cycle.
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c. Handel's Messiah.
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A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with a. Voltaire. b. Diderot. c. Montesquieu. d. Hume. e. Beccaria.
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e. Beccaria.
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Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth century a. a trend away from imprisonment and toward capital punishment began. b. corporal and capital punishment were on the decline. c. criminal punishments became more cruel as violent crimes increased. d. the death penalty was abolished in western Europe. e. a and c
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b. corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.
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The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often a. carried out by mobs after the criminals were charged in court. b. less severe than the crime would merit. c. the responsibility of the army. d. public and very gruesome. e. carried out privately so as not to inflame the general populace.
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d. public and very gruesome.
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Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to a. Christmas. b. Easter. c. Lent. d. Pentecost. e. All Saints.
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c. Lent.
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A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was a. beer. b. whiskey. c. wine. d. porter. e. gin.
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e. gin.
question
Pogroms were a. parties held to celebrate the amity between Jews and Christians. b. instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities. c. special Jewish holidays practiced only by Sephardim. d. special Jewish holidays practiced only by Ashkenazim. e. a sugary delicacy served at the capital in Vienna.
answer
b. instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.
question
In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant, a. declined in numbers and influence. b. still played a major role in social and spiritual areas. c. was responsible for the dramatic role in literary. d. had not changed much in two centuries. e. were legally separated from any state or government connections.
answer
b. still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.
question
The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe a. were assimilated into French society through the unanimous calls of the philosophes for integration. b. were most persecuted in France and Poland. c. were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities. d. won the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781. e. were restricted to ghettos in all European states.
answer
c. were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities.
question
The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was a. Unitarianism. b. Quakerism. c. Presbyterianism. d. Lutheranism. e. Methodism.
answer
e. Methodism.
question
In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements? a. Scotland and Ireland. b. France and Austria. c. Italy and Spain. d. Sweden and Poland. e. England and Germany.
answer
e. England and Germany.
question
Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed a. the rise of the masses in politics as advocated by the philosophes. b. the waning of monarchical power. c. the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states. d. "enlightened absolutism" establish its deepest roots in France. e. a decline in bureaucratic structures and more laissez- faire types of government.
answer
c. the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states.
question
During the eighteenth century, the idea of Divine Right a. remained a strong basis for government. b. was gradually replaced by more republican ideas concerning government. c. was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments. d. was best exemplified by the reign of Joseph II of Austria. e. disappeared with the death of Louis XIV in 1715.
answer
c. was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments.
question
France in the eighteenth century a. thrived under the strong leadership of Louis XV and Louis XVI. b. suffered from severe economic depression throughout the century. c. was torn apart by a series of civil wars. d. lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt. e. brought back the Estates General during the reign of Louis XV.
answer
d. lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt.
question
Louis XV's most famous mistress was a. Marie Antoinette. b. Madame de Pompadour. c. Mary Wollstonecraft. d. Madame Guillotine. e. Comtesse de Boigne
answer
b. Madame de Pompadour
question
In the 1700s, members of the British Parliament were a. appointed by the King. b. usually overseas and not actually in Parliament voting. c. chosen in different ways in different districts. d. elected by a vote of all adult males. e. elected by a vote of all property owners, male and female.
answer
c. chosen in different ways in different districts.
question
In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known as a a. good job. b. pocket borough. c. sinecure. d. tenured seat. e. gerrymander.
answer
b. pocket borough.
question
The 2006 movie Marie Antoinette was directed by a. the Coen Brothers. b. Sofia Coppola. c. Francis Ford Coppola. d. Lisa Azuelos. e. Juliet Berto.
answer
b. Sofia Coppola.
question
By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic a. established a system of male democracy. b. saw the power of the oligarchy considerably reduced. c. continued its great economic prosperity of the sixteenth century. d. suffered a decline in economic prosperity. e. permanently expelled the House of Orange.
answer
d. suffered a decline in economic prosperity.
question
A continuing trend throughout eighteenth-century Prussia was a. the uncontrollable growth of the royal state bureaucracy. b. the social and military dominance of the Junker nobility. c. an avoidance of military entanglements, especially under Frederick the Great. d. social mobility for the peasants through the civil service. e. the emergence of the bourgeoisie as the dominant class of society.
answer
b. the social and military dominance of the Junker nobility.
question
Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia a. saw the size of its army diminish. b. reduced the size and scope of government. c. witnessed nobles dominate important administrative posts. d. failed to establish an efficient civil bureaucracy. e. became a highly centralized European state.
answer
e. became a highly centralized European state.
question
Under Frederick II "the Great" of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to a. high-ranking Lutheran churchmen. b. members of the nobility. c. university-educated bureaucrats. d. French philosophes. e. commoners who showed outstanding ability.
answer
b. members of the nobility.
question
The Austrian Empire under Joseph II a. reversed the enlightened reforms of Joseph's mother, Maria Theresa. b. rescinded all of Hungary's privileges. c. saw the nobility's power permanently stripped away. d. witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightened but radical reforms. e. saw Austria turn away from any sort of Enlightened Despotism.
answer
d. witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightened but radical reforms.
question
In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued a. three new court circulars on improved operations for the imperial bureaucracy. b. 6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws. c. 150 new ranks of imperial bureaucrats. d. at least 350 imperial decrees for the reform of judicial practice in Hungary. e. an edict separating the Austrian government from any connection with the Catholic Church.
answer
b. 6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws.
question
The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction a. succeeded in abolishing serfdom in all of Russia. b. succeeded in establishing an equal system of law for all Russian citizens. c. instigated changes in Russian government that sapped the power of the old nobility. d. accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten. e. abolished three-fourths of the Russian army.
answer
d. accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.
question
Catherine the Great of Russia a. followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks. b. instigated enlightened reforms for the peasantry after the revolt of Emelyn Pugachev. c. weakened the nobility with her extensive enlightened reforms. d. successfully eliminated the power of the Duma. e. established a permanent political and military alliance with revolutionary France.
answer
a. followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks.
question
Pugachev's rebellion broke out after a. a bad harvest caused massive starvation in Poland. b. Prussia successfully invaded Russia and stole half of the Ukraine. c. Catherine II worsened conditions for the peasantry. d. Catherine II tried to draft peasants into the army. e. Peter the Great imposed new taxes on the people.
answer
c. Catherine II worsened conditions for the peasantry.
question
Which of the following countries did not participate in the partition of Poland: a. Austria b. Prussia c. England d. Russia e. a and c
answer
c. England
question
The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century a. occurred after decades of warfare between its neighbors. b. was reversed by the successful rebellion of General Kosciuszko. c. showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period. d. resulted from the Polish king's repeated insults and attacks on his neighbors. e. was reversed as the result of the Council of Berlin.
answer
c. showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period.
question
During the eighteenth century, Spain a. was temporarily rejuvenated by the reforms of Philip V. b. continued to decline as its empire in the west collapsed. c. fought a series of successful wars against France. d. became an international power again with its surprise attack on Florida and Cuba. e. lost all of its American colonies.
answer
a. was temporarily rejuvenated by the reforms of Philip V.
question
Labeled as "one of the most enlightened monarchs of his age" and among the most successful in wresting power away from the nobility was a. Charles III of Spain. b. Joseph II of Austria. c. Gustavus III of Sweden. d. Frederick William I of Prussia. e. George III of Great Britain.
answer
b. Joseph II of Austria.
question
Enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century a. could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time. b. was most successful in the strengthening of domestic diplomatic practices. c. successfully undermined the interests of the European nobility. d. was unable to implement legal reforms in many European states. e. was such a general failure that divine right monarchy soon replaced it.
answer
a. could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time.
question
European diplomacy during the eighteenth century was predicated on the idea that a. sea power was the basis of real power. b. in a balance of power, one state should not achieve dominance over another. c. a country's empire determined its greatness. d. the charisma of a ruler determined a country's success in foreign policy. e. the largest army always wins.
answer
b. in a balance of power, one state should not achieve dominance over another.
question
The War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Prussia attacked the Habsburg province of a. Transylvania. b. Bavaria. c. Silesia. d. Bohemia. e. Haupstadt.
answer
c. Silesia.
question
The young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was a. Eleanor. b. Elizabeth. c. Marie Antoinette d. Maria Theresa e. Zita.
answer
d. Maria Theresa
question
The Diplomatic Revolution resulted when Maria Theresa of Austria refused to recognize the loss of a. Hungary, and fought the Spanish. b. Galicia, and took on the Bohemians. c. Silesia, and gained a French alliance. d. Bosnia, and allied herself defensively with England. e. Venice, and invaded Italy.
answer
c. Silesia, and gained a French alliance.
question
Which war do some historians regard as the first world war? a. War of the Austrian Succession. b. The French and Indian War. c. The Seven Years' War. d. Queen Anne's War. e. The Crimean War.
answer
c. The Seven Years' War.
question
As a result of the French and Indian Wars, France a. gained India. b. lost California. c. gained the Ohio River Valley. d. gained Louisiana. e. lost Canada.
answer
e. lost Canada.
question
European warfare in the eighteenth century was characterized by a. the continued reliance on mercenary armies on the mainland. b. ideological fervor leading to bloody battles. c. limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers. d. massive direct confrontations and pitched battles. e. extensive trench warfare and many military casualties.
answer
c. limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers.
question
Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one not to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was a. Prussia. b. Austria. c. Russia. d. France. e. Great Britain.
answer
e. Great Britain.
question
European population growth in the second half of the eighteenth century a. saw all of the great powers grow in population except Russia. b. occurred despite increased death and infant mortality rates. c. was due to the absence of famines and elimination of most major diseases. d. was nearly double the rate of the first half of the century. e. in fact declined because of increased urbanization which resulted in increased unsanitary conditions.
answer
d. was nearly double the rate of the first half of the century.
question
All of the following contributed to the growth of population in the second half of the eighteenth century except a. a decline in the death rate. b. new crops from America such as corn and potatoes. c. the end of typhus and smallpox. d. the end of the bubonic plague. e. an increase in women who married during their child- bearing years.
answer
c. the end of typhus and smallpox.
question
A key financial advantage the British government enjoyed over French rulers in the eighteenth century was a. Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest. b. a lower total amount of British government debt. c. a strong policy against state borrowing of any kind in Britain. d. no real curbs on state borrowing in France. e. the abolishment of the Bank of England's influence in economic matters.
answer
a. Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest.
question
All of the following were persistent trends in the upper- class eighteenth-century European family except a. childhood being viewed more and more as a special phase in human development. b. the use of wet nurses. c. the decline in the total number of children per family. d. children often removed from foundling homes and boarded at state and municipal workshops. e. the use of a variety of birth control techniques.
answer
d. children often removed from foundling homes and boarded at state and municipal workshops.
question
European society in the eighteenth century witnessed a. a pattern developing of marriage at earlier ages for brides and grooms. b. the continued dominance of the nuclear family. c. the declining importance of the woman in the "family economy." d. rapidly declining rates of illegitimate births and a consequent decline in infanticide due to stringent laws prohibiting either. e. the growth of the extended family.
answer
b. the continued dominance of the nuclear family.
question
New European attitudes toward children are made visible in all of the following except a. changes in the ordinary clothing of children. b. the production of more games and toys for children. c. a reinforcement of the custom of primogeniture. d. the great interest of lower-class mothers in breast- feeding infants. e. childhood being viewed more and more as a special phase in human development.
answer
c. a reinforcement of the custom of primogeniture.
question
Which one of the following non-native, imported products allowed Irish peasants to survive on the small plots of land left to them by English landlords? a. fish. b. tomatoes. c. wheat. d. rice. e. potatoes.
answer
e. potatoes.
question
The domestic system of industrial production in Flanders and England became known as the a. manorial system. b. cottage system. c. mercantile system. d. laissez-faire. e. the putting-in system.
answer
b. cottage system.
question
A key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was a. the creation of insurance policies. b. the circulation of paper banknotes compensating for a lack of coinage. c. international currency markets and arbitrage speculation. d. deficit spending by enlightened monarchs to pay for vital government reforms. e. the increased use of specie in preference to less reliable paper money.
answer
b. the circulation of paper banknotes compensating for a lack of coinage.
question
All of the following are correct about trade and commerce in the eighteenth century except a. international trade had become greater than trade within Europe. b. trade within Europe was still greater than overseas trade. c. there was a dramatic increase in trade between European nations and their colonies. d. the Atlantic trade contributed to the growth of European cities. e. overseas trade let to the growth of related industries, such as textile manufacturing.
answer
a. international trade had become greater than trade within Europe.
question
Which of the following cities did not benefit significantly from eighteenth century Atlantic trade? a. Bordeaux b. Marseilles c. Rome d. Lisbon e. Liverpool
answer
c. Rome
question
A favorite type of private charity supported by the rich in eighteenth-century Europe was a. the dowry fund for poor women. b. neighborhood confraternities to support social welfare programs. c. foundling homes for poor and abandoned children. d. church schools to teach the poor obedience to authority. e. the establishment of safe retreats for prostitutes desiring to leave their profession.
answer
c. foundling homes for poor and abandoned children.
question
Europe's unequal social organization in the eighteenth century was a. determined by the division of society into traditional orders. b. deemed contrary to Christian teaching. c. least apparent in Prussia. d. abolished in Britain by Parliament in opposition to the king. e. became dramatically more equal as the century progressed.
answer
a. determined by the division of society into traditional orders.
question
The European peasantry in the eighteenth century a. comprised nearly half of Europe's population. b. was free from serfdom in all countries by 1789. c. often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners. d. benefited the most in southern Italy and eastern Germany. e. disappeared in England because of the Industrial Revolution.
answer
c. often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners
question
The special legal privileges of the European nobility included all of the following except: a. judgment by peers. b. immunity from severe punishment. c. exemptions from most forms of taxation. d. guarantees against becoming poor. e. access to military and civil offices.
answer
d. guarantees against becoming poor.
question
Andrea Palladio was a noted Venetian a. general. b. courtier. c. architect. d. musician. e. composer.
answer
c. architect.
question
The Grand Tour a. saw French aristocrats travel through Britain to learn good manners and observe a modern economy. b. avoided Italy as it diverted young men from the tour's education goals in northern Europe. c. was greatly facilitated by more convenient forms of personal travel in the eighteenth century. d. generally completed the proper education of an aristocrat's sons. e. was reserved for ambitious members of the bourgeoisie.
answer
d. generally completed the proper education of an aristocrat's sons.
question
Which of the following statements best describes eighteenth-century European cities? a. They were remarkably cleaner than the medieval city. b. They were decreasing dramatically in population. c. They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation. d. They were becoming more democratic in their government. e. They were becoming politically and legally independent of monarchial control.
answer
c. They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation.
question
By the eighteenth century, the largest European city in terms of population was a. Berlin. b. Paris. c. St. Petersburg. d. Amsterdam. e. London.
answer
e. London.
question
The problem of poverty in eighteenth-century Europe was a. most severe in Great Britain, a country lacking a system of poor relief. b. solved largely through the efforts of private and religious charities. c. aggravated by the hostile feelings of government officials toward the poor. d. solved in France in the 1770's through massive royal public works projects. e. entirely the result of the Industrial Revolution.
answer
c. aggravated by the hostile feelings of government officials toward the poor.
question
At the beginning of the eighteenth century, a. the old order was under severe attack. b. the old order still remained strong. c. republicanism was in ascendant. d. enlightened absolutism had proved to be a failure. e. democracy was spreading.
answer
b. the old order still remained strong.
question
On July 4, 1776, the delegates of the Second Continental Congress approved a. the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and the Citizen. b. the Constitution. c. the Declaration of Independence. d. the Olive Branch Petition. e. George Washington as commander of the Continental Army.
answer
c. the Declaration of Independence.
question
The colonists won their war for independence due to a. generous military and financial aid from various European states, especially France. b. the collapse of the English colonial system. c. apathy of the English military. d. flaws in the English mercantile system. e. b and c
answer
a. generous military and financial aid from various European states, especially France.
question
The defeat of General Cornwallis and his army at Yorktown in 1781, leading to British abandonment of the Revolutionary War, was achieved by a. American colonial army and naval forces alone. b. a combined American and French army. c. a combined force of American, French, Spanish, and Dutch forces. d. the Virginia Minutemen. e. a combined American and French army supported by a heavily armed French fleet.
answer
e. a combined American and French army supported by a heavily armed French fleet.
question
The Constitution of the United States of 1789 a. was a revision of the Articles of Confederation. b. was seen by European liberals as a utopian document that would never last. c. created a republic in which the branches of government provided checks on one another. d. had no real impact on the French Revolution. e. failed, and was soon replaced by the Articles of Confederation.
answer
c. created a republic in which the branches of government provided checks on one another.
question
The American Revolution affected Europeans by a. proving that military force was the final diplomatic authority. b. ending colonial expansion around the world. c. proving that the new United States was the most powerful nation. d. proving that the ideas of the Enlightenment could be realized politically. e. proving that the patriotic shedding of vast amounts of blood could bring revolutionary change.
answer
d. proving that the ideas of the Enlightenment could be realized politically.
question
A key conduit of "enlightened" American political and moral ideas back to Europe was formed by a. returning British prisoners of war. b. the hundreds of literate and influential French army and navy officers who had fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War. c. European nobles returning from expeditions to the new American frontier. d. missionary priests returning from evangelical campaigns deep in the U.S. back country. e. official proclamations sent to the governments of Europe by George Washington.
answer
b. the hundreds of literate and influential French army and navy officers who had fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War.
question
In France, the First Estate was composed of a. the nobility. b. the clergy. c. the peasants. d. the military. e. the nobility.
answer
b. the clergy.
question
The most immediate cause of the French Revolution was a. the government's failure to resolve its debts and other economic problems. b. the blocking of attempted reforms by the French Parlements. c. the radical calls of the philosophes for reform. d. Louis XVI's rejection of the cahiers de doléances. e. violent uprisings by the common people who were demanding political and economic equality.
answer
a. the government's failure to resolve its debts and other economic problems.
question
The French economy of the eighteenth century was a. growing due to an expansion of foreign trade and industrial production. b. stagnant due to foreign competition in industry and trade. c. declining rapidly due to overuse of arable land. d. based largely on the silk industry. e. was entirely based upon agricultural production.
answer
a. growing due to an expansion of foreign trade and industrial production.
question
By convening the Estates General in 1789, a. the government showed its autocratic strength. b. the government indicated the financial well-being of France. c. the government all but conceded to the sovereignty of the people in their own taxation. d. the government conceded all powers to the people. e. the government did what it normally did every few years, thereby indicating little.
answer
c. the government all but conceded to the sovereignty of the people in their own taxation.
question
The Third Estate was composed of all of the following except a. shopkeepers. b. peasants. c. the unemployed. d. skilled craftsmen. e. the clergy.
answer
e. the clergy.
question
Compared to the American Revolution, the French Revolution was a. less violent. b. less radical. c. more influential in Europe as a model of rebellion. d. quickly over. e. was entirely a movement of the masses, led by faceless individuals.
answer
c. more influential in Europe as a model of rebellion.
question
By the eighteenth century, the French bourgeoisie and nobility were a. growing further apart in social status. b. increasingly less distinguishable from each other. c. rapidly losing social status to the third estate. d. openly hostile and frequently involved in street battles. e. almost completely dominated by the clergy of the First Estate.
answer
b. increasingly less distinguishable from each other.
question
When the government called for the Estates General to meet, a. it abolished the Third Estate. b. it halved the number of representatives from the Third Estate. c. it doubled the number of representatives from the Second Estate. d. it doubled the number of representatives from the Third Estate. e. it changed nothing.
answer
d. it doubled the number of representatives from the Third Estate.
question
In 1789, the Estates-General was a. Louis XVI's parliamentary body often consulted by the king. b. in unanimous agreement that only radical changes could solve France's problems. c. dominated by the first estate composed mostly of urban lawyers. d. unanimously in agreement about the necessity of immediately creation a "National Assembly." e. divided over the issue of voting by "orders" or by "head."
answer
e. divided over the issue of voting by "orders" or by "head."
question
Sieyès wrote "What is the Third Estate?" to support the political demands of the a. aristocrats. b. foreign investors. c. common people. d. clergy. e. king.
answer
c. common people.
question
As one measure of the French crown's terrible financial predicament, by 1788 the interest payments on the state debt alone amounted to a. one-fifth of total government spending. b. one-quarter of total government spending. c. one-third of total government spending. d. one-half of all government spending. e. two-thirds of all government spending.
answer
d. one-half of all government spending.
question
Just prior to the Revolution in France, the number of the poor in France a. actually declined. b. went up significantly. c. increased very slowly. d. remained fairly constant. e. a and d
answer
b. went up significantly.
question
In the summer of 1789, when the "revolution of the lawyers" appeared doomed by imminent royal use of armed force, the Revolution as a whole was saved by a. the betrayal of the monarchy by high clergymen. b. the defection of key nobles of the sword to the rebels. c. the intervention of armed commoners, especially in urban uprisings. d. the outside influence of mercenary troops paid by the rebels. e. the intervention of Britain, whose constitutional monarch seemed threatened by upheaval in France.
answer
c. the intervention of armed commoners, especially in urban uprisings.
question
The cahiers de doléances called for a. abolishing the fiscal privileges of the church and nobility. b. the abolition of the Estates-General. c. the royal execution of all rebels in France. d. universal voting privileges for all French people. e. the beheading of Louis XVI.
answer
a. abolishing the fiscal privileges of the church and nobility.
question
The French revolutionary slogan neatly evoking the ideals of the rebellion was a. "Down with the aristocracy!" b. "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!" c. "Death to the king and queen!" d. "Kill all priests and burn all churches!" e. "The bourgeoisie will triumph!"
answer
b. "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!"
question
The controversy over voting by order versus voting by head in the Estates-General saw a. the nobles of the robe advocate voting by head. b. the "lovers of liberty" effectively block voting by head. c. Abbé Sieyè's call for the expulsion of the Third Estate from the Estates-General. d. the Third Estate joining the Second Estate in abolished the First Estate of the clergy. e. the Third Estate respond by forming a "National Assembly."
answer
e. the Third Estate respond by forming a "National Assembly."
question
All of the following were accomplished by the National/Constituent Assembly except the a. Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. b. Civil Constitution of the Clergy. c. legal defense of seigneurial rights throughout the country. d. reform of French voting procedures. e. abolishment of divine right monarchy.
answer
c. legal defense of seigneurial rights throughout the country.
question
The King's fortress in Paris, which a mob stormed on July 14, 1789, touching off a wave of riots throughout France, was a. Chartres. b. St. Denis. c. the Bastille. d. the Louvre. e. the Tuileries.
answer
c. the Bastille.
question
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed a. free or affordable food for the poor. b. equality under the law for all French men. c. equality under the law for all French men and women. d. nothing. e. the right to vote for all French men.
answer
b. equality under the law for all French men.
question
Olympe de Gouges a. became the first female member of the National Assembly. b. attempted to kill Marie Antoinette after the queen said, "Let them eat cake." c. wrote The Declaration of the Rights of the Woman and the Citizen. d. was the ghost author of the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and the Citizen. e. was the mistress to Robespierre.
answer
c. wrote The Declaration of the Rights of the Woman and the Citizen.
question
In regard to the Catholic Church, the National Assembly a. left the institution alone. b. increased its power slightly in France. c. passed legislation that secularized church offices and clergymen. d. abolished the faith in France. e. recognized the Catholic Church as France's only legal religion.
answer
c. passed legislation that secularized church offices and clergymen.
question
In the French Constitution of 1791, who had the right to vote? a. all men. b. all men and wealthy women. c. male citizens who met a tax qualification d. male citizens with noble titles e. all adults
answer
c. male citizens who met a tax qualification
question
What group emerged as the most important radical element in French politics, at the beginning of the French Revolution? a. Bonapartists b. Papists c. Communards d. Loyalists e. Jacobins
answer
e. Jacobins
question
In 1792, the Legislative Assembly declared war on a. the peasantry. b. counter-revolutionaries. c. England d. Austria. e. monarchies everywhere.
answer
d. Austria
question
During the early stages of the "Radical Revolution," the National Convention a. was controlled by the Mountain, which defeated the less radical Girondins. b. successfully resisted the Parisians' radical attempts to control the Convention. c. favored ending the disastrous European war. d. failed to create any kind of large standing army. e. requested that Napoleon become dictator.
answer
a. was controlled by the Mountain, which defeated the less radical Girondins.
question
In September of 1792, the National Convention a. established a constitutional monarchy. b. abolished the monarchy and established a republic. c. voted to preserve the life of Louis XVI. d. was dismantled by Louis XVI. e. was immediately replaced by the Directory.
answer
b. abolished the monarchy and established a republic.
question
The head of the Committee of Public Safety who presided over the terror in France in 1793 and 1794 was a. Babeuf. b. Sieyès c. Robespierre. d. Marat. e. Saint-Just
answer
c. Robespierre.
question
The French Republic's army in the 1790s a. received little backing from the home front. b. was small, but effective in battle. c. fueled modern nationalism and was raised through total mobilization of the population. d. was totally defeated by foreign aristocratic forces. e. got weaker and smaller as the decade went by.
answer
c. fueled modern nationalism and was raised through total mobilization of the population.
question
During the Reign of Terror, the majority of the victims were a. nobles. b. clergy. c. middle class. d. peasant and laboring classes. e. the bourgeoisie.
answer
d. peasant and laboring classes.
question
In regard to religion, the National Convention a. took measures to strengthen the Roman Catholic Church. b. issued an edict allowing for total religious freedom. c. took measures to de-christianize the republic. d. made the republic completely atheistic. e. expelled the Jews from France.
answer
c. took measures to de-christianize the republic.
question
Which of the following is not true of the French revolutionary republican calendar? a. Each month consisted of three ten-day weeks. b. Most Christian holidays were kept. c. No efforts were made to enforce it. d. It was meant to signal a new beginning for the nation. e. It was part of the government's dechristianization program.
answer
b. Most Christian holidays were kept.
question
A successful slave rebellion against French rule occurred in a. the Vendee. b. Batavia. c. Jamaica. d. Haiti. e. the Cameroons.
answer
d. Haiti.
question
The chief accomplishment of the National Convention was a. creation of the revolutionary calendar. b. preservation of the revolution from being destroyed by foreign enemies. c. creation of the Directory. d. the establishment of the National French School System. e. defeat of the counter-revolutionaries led by the Bourbon family in southern France.
answer
b. preservation of the revolution from being destroyed by foreign enemies.
question
The government of the Directory in the period of the Thermidorean Reaction a. primarily relied on the support of the royalists. b. was unicameral and directly elected by active citizens. c. was characterized by honest leadership and wise economic plans. d. increasingly had to rely on military support for its survival. e. abolished the radical reforms of the Public Safety, including the Revolutionary Calendar.
answer
d. increasingly had to rely on military support for its survival.
question
All of the following are true about Napoleon and his career before 1799 except a. he was initially disliked by his fellow soldiers. b. he made rapid progress and achieved the status of a general even before the Revolution. c. he read a great deal of military history. d. he saved the National Convention from the Parisian mob in 1795. e. he married the widow of a guillotined general.
answer
b. he made rapid progress and achieved the status of a general even before the Revolution.
question
The chief reason for Napoleon's fast rise to power was/were his a. series of stunning victories over the enemies of France. b. social programs that appealed to the masses. c. promises to make France great again. d. work with an inner clique of revolutionaries dedicated to the general. e. secret support of disaffected members of the Bourbon family.
answer
a. series of stunning victories over the enemies of France.
question
Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon? a. He was both a child of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. b. He had a sense of moral responsibility to the people of France. c. He advocated an invasion of Britain in the 1790s. d. He was born the son of a Parisian merchant. e. He was a successful military general but had to talent for civil administration and reform.
answer
a. He was both a child of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.
question
Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon's domestic policies? a. Much autonomy was given to the provincial departments as the previous system of prefects was overhauled. b. His "new aristocracy" was actually little different from the old, as it was based on privilege and wealth. c. His Civil Code reaffirmed the ideals of the Revolution while creating a uniform legal system. d. As a devout Catholic, he reestablished Catholicism as the official state religion. e. He abolished most of the civilian bureaucracy, preferring to govern by military rule.
answer
c. His Civil Code reaffirmed the ideals of the Revolution while creating a uniform legal system.
question
In the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon made peace with a. the Church. b. the Directory. c. Austria. d. England. e. the aristocrats.
answer
a. the Church.
question
A prominent writer who denounced Napolean's despotic rule was a. Voltaire. b. Mary Wollstonecraft. c. Rousseau. d. Marshal Nye. e. Germaine de Stael.
answer
e. Germaine de Stael.
question
Not among the factors in the defeat of Napoleon was a. the failure of the Continental System. b. the defeat of the French navy at the Battle of Trafalgar. c. mass reactions to his brutal suppression of local customs in the conquered countries. d. the spread of nationalism in the conquered countries. e. that most independent European states were united against him by 1814.
answer
c. mass reactions to his brutal suppression of local customs in the conquered countries.
question
Napoleon's Continental System tried to defeat the British by a. a massive invasion of Britain. b. preventing British trade. c. causing political unrest in Britain. d. attacking the British colonies in North America. e. isolating India from Britain.
answer
b. preventing British trade.
question
The German philosopher who initially welcomed the French Revolution, turned against it, becoming instead an advocate of a German national spirit was a. Goethe. b. Fichte. c. Hegel. d. Kant. e. Schiller.
answer
e. Schiller.
question
Napoleon met his final defeat at the Battle of a. Leipzig. b. Borodino. c. Trafalgar. d. Austerlitz. e. Waterloo.
answer
e. Waterloo.
