Chapter 15 Study Guide Answers

4500 B.C.-Origin of Earth 3500 B.C.-Oldest Prokaryotic Fossils 2000 B.c.-Oldest Eukaryotic Fossils 1500 B.C.-Origin of Multicellular Cells 530 B.C.- Life colonized land

Spontaneous generation: is the belief that life is formed from non-living things. This idea formed from occurrences that people had little knowledge of such as maggots appearing on meat. Biogenesis: is the creation of life from already living things. Biogenesis has been proved and is know the commonly accepted version of how life is created.

Stage 1. Abiotic Synthesis of Organic Monomers -non-living synthesis of small organic molecules -amino acids and nucleotide monomers Stage 2. Abiotic synthesis of polymers -joining of the small molecules into macromolecules -proteins and nucleic acids Stage 3. Formation of pre cells -packaging all the molecules into pre-cells -pre-cells are droplets with membranes that maintained and internal chemistry different from the surroundings Stage 4. Origin of cell replicating molecules -eventually made inheritance possible

STRUCTURE -There are three prokaryotic structures -The spiral, cocci and bacilli -The cocci is spherical -The bacilli is rod shaped -and the spiral is spiral shaped -The prokaryotic cells often live in groups -Can attach to surface in large colonies called biofilms REPRODUCTION -Continuously copy DNA and divide -This is a process called binary fission

-Prokaryotes exhibit all four modes of nutrition. -They can be Photoautotrophs(Sunlight is their energy source and CO2 is their carbon source), Chemoautotrophs(inorganic chemicals are their energy source and CO2 is their carbon source), Photoheterotrophs(sunlight is their energy source and organic compounds are their carbon source) or Chemoheterotrophs(organic compounds are both their energy source and carbon source)

BACTERIA -cell wall contains peptidoglycan ARCHEA - can live in more extreme environments -similar to eukaryotes 1. Halophiles extremist live in unusually salty habitats 2.Thermophiles extremist live in very hot environments 3.Acidophiles extremist live in acidic enviorments

HARM -bacterias can cause disease -biological weapons are created with bacteria HELPFUL -can be decomposers -fixes nitrogen

Membrane infolding Invasions of the host prokaryote were succesful because the host cell membrane infolded to surround the invading prokaryotic cells and as a result transport them into the cell. Membrane did not dissolve and thereby created a second membrane Endosymbiosis Two mutually beneficial invasions of a prokaryotic cell produce the mitochondria and chloroplast as eukaryotic organelles.

Protozoans -live primarily by ingesting food -thrive in aquatic surroundings -live as parasites in animals -Flagellates, Amoebas, Apicomplexans and Ciliates are types of Protozoans -many of these types of Protozoans can cause serious disease to humans Slime Molds -similar to fungi lifestyle -weblike body -decomposer -parasites -use spores to reproduce -Two types are plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds Seaweeds -multicellular marine algae -cell wall has slimy substance for cushion against waves -consist of polysaccharides which humans cannot digest -can't be staple food Unicellular and Colonial Algae -photosynthetic protist whose chloroplasts support food chains in freshwater and marine ecosystems -components of plankton -examples are diatoms and green algae

1. An ancestral colony formed and a cell divided so its offspring remained attached to one another. 2. Cells in the colony became independent and specialized, with different cell types becoming more efficient with tasks. Flagellated cells became mor specialized for locomotion while other assumed function like ingesting food. 3. Additional specialization among cells in the colony led to distinction in gametes and somatic cells