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-The Atlantic slave trade was and is enormously significant -The slave trade was only one part of the international trading networks that shaped the world between 1450 and 1750 -Europeans were increasingly prominent in long-distance trade, but other peoples were also important -Commerce and empire were the two forces that drove globalization between 1450 and 1750

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I

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1. Europeans broke into the Indian Ocean Spice trade 2. American silver allowed greater European participation in the commerce of East Asia 3. Fur trapping and trading changed commerce and the natural environment

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Trade

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-Europeans wanted commercial connections with Asia 1. Columbus and Vasco da Gama bot sought a route to Asia 2. Motivation above all was the desire for spices (though other Eastern products were also sought) 3. European civilization had recovered from the Black Death 4. National Monarchies were leaning to govern more effectively 5. Some cities were becoming international trade centers

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Europeans and Asian Commerce

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The Problems of old trade systems from the Indian Ocean Network 1. Muslims controlled supply 2. Venice was chief intermediary for trade with Alexandria; other states resented it 3. Desire to find Prester John and enlist his support in the Crusades 4. Constant trade deficit with Asia

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II

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1. Indian Ocean commerce was highly rich and diverse 2. Portuguese did not have goods of a quality for effective competition

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A Portuguese Empire of Commerce

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3. Portuguese took to piracy on the sea lanes -Portuguese ships were more maneuverable, carried cannons -established fortified bases at key locations (Mombasa, Hormuz, Goa, Malacca, Macao)

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(cont) 3

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4. Portuguese created a "trading post empire" -goal was to control commerce, not territories or populations -operated by force of arms, not economic competition -at height, controlled about half of the spice trade to Europe

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(cont) 4

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5. Portuguese gradually assimilated to Indian Ocean trade patterns -carried Asian goods to Asian ports -many Portuguese settled in Asian or African ports -Their trading post empire was in steep decline by 1600

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(cont) 5

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1. Spain was the first to challenge Portugal's control of Asian trade 2. Major missionary campaign made Filipino society the only major Christian outpost in Asia 3. Manila became a major center with a diverse population 4. Periodic revolts by the Chinese population; Spaniards expelled or massacred them several times

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Spain and the Philippines

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1. first encountered when Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the globe (1519-1521) 2. Philippines were organized in small, competitive chiefdoms 3. Spaniards established full colonial rule there (takeover occurred 1565-1650) 4. The Philippines remained a Spanish colonial territory until 1898, when the United States assumed control

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Establishment of a Spanish base in the Philippines

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1. Large Estates for Spanish settlers, religious orders, and Filipino elite 2. Women's ritual and healing roles were attacked

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Spaniards introduced forced relocation, tribute, taxes, unpaid labor

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Dutch and English both entered Indian Ocean commerce in the early seventeenth century 1. soon displaced the Portuguese 2. competed with each other

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The East India Companies I

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ca. 1600: both the Dutch and the English organized private trading companies to handle Indian Ocean trade 1. merchants invested, shared the risk 2. Dutch and British East India companies were chartered by their respective governments 3. had power to make war and govern conquered peoples

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The East India Companies II

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established their own trading post empires 1. Dutch empire was focuses on Indonesia 2. English empire was focused on India 3. French company was also established

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The East India Companies III

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Dutch East India Company 1. controlled both shipping and production of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace 2. seized small spice-producing islands and forced people to sell only to the Dutch 3. Destroyed the local economy of the Spice Islands; made the Dutch rich

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The East India Companies IV

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British East India Company 1. was not as well financed or as commercially sophisticated as the Dutch; couldn't break into the Spice Islands 2. established three major trade settlements in India (seventeenth century) 3. British navy gained control of Arabian Sea and Persian gulf 4. Could not compete with the Mughal Empire on land 5. Negotiated with local rulers for peaceful establishment of trade bases 6. Britons traded pepper and other spices, but cotton textiles became more important

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The East India Companies V

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1. Dutch and English also became involved in "carrying trade" within Asia 2. Both gradually evolved into typical colonial domination

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The East India Companies VI

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1. European presence was much less significant in Asia than in Americas or Africa 2. Europeans were no real military threat to Asia

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Asian Commerce

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1. Portuguese reached Japan in the mid-sixteenth century 2. Japan at the time was divided by constant conflict among feudal lords (daimyo) supported by samurai 3. at first, Europeans were welcome 4. but Japan unified politically under the Tokugawa shogun in the early seventeenth century -increasingly regarded Europeans as a threat to unity -expulsion of missionaries, massive, persecution of Christians -Japanese were barred from travel abroad -Europeans were banned, except the Dutch at a single site 5. Japan was closed off from Europe from 1650 to 1850

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the case of Japan

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1. overland trade within Asia remained in Asian hands 2. tens of thousands of Indian merchants lived throughout central Asia, Persia, and Russia

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Asian Merchants continued to operate, despite Europeans presence

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-The silver trade was even more important than the spice trade in creating a global exchange network 1. enormous silver deposits were discovered in Bolivia and Japan in the mid-sixteenth century 2. in the early modern period, Spanish America produced around 85 percent of the world's silver

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Silver and Global Commerce I

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-China's economy was hyde and had a growing demand for silver 1. 1570s: the Chinese government consolidated taxes into a single tax to be paid in silver a. value of silver skyrocketed b. foreigners with silver could purchase more Chinese products than before

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Silver and Global Commerce II

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-Silver was central to world trade 1. "silver drain" to Asia: bulk of the world's silver supply ended up in china(most of the rest reached other parts of Asia) 2. Spanish silver brought to Europe was used to buy Asian goods 3. Silver brought African slaves and Asian spices 4. the Spanish "piece of eight" was widely used for international exchange 5. Potosi, Bolivia, became the largest city in the Amercias (pop: 160,000) bc it was at the world's largest silver mine -the city's wealthy European elite lived in luxury -Native American miners lived in horrid conditions

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Silver and Global Commerce III

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-Silver vastly enriched the Spanish monarchy 1. caused inflation, not real economic growth in Spain -Spanish economy was too rigid -Spanish autocrats were against economic enterprise 2. Spain lost its dominance when the value of silver fell ca 1600

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Silver and Global Commerce IV

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-Japanese government profited more from silver production than did Spain 1. Tokugawa shoguns used silver revenges to defeat rivals and unify the country 2. worked with the merchant class to develop a market-based economy 3. heavy investment in agriculture and industry 4. averted ecological crisis, limited population growth

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Silver and Global Commerce V

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In China, silver further commercialized the country's economy 1. people needed to sell something to obtain silver to pay their taxes 2. economy became more regionally specialized 3. deforestation was a growing problem; wasn't addressed as it was in Japan

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Silver and Global Commerce VI

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Europeans were essentially middlemen in world trade 1. funneled American silver to Asia 2. Asian commodities took market share from European Products

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Silver and Global Commerce VII

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Europe's supply of fur-bearing animals was sharply diminished by 1500

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The "World Hunt": Fur in Global Commerce

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1. French were prominent in St. Lawrence valley, Great Lakes, and along the Mississippi 2.British traders moved into Hudson Bay region 3. Dutch moved into what is now New York

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There was intense competition for the furs of North America

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1. Europeans usually traded with Indians for furs or skins, rather than hunting or trapping animals themselves 2. beaver and other furry animals were driven to near extinction 3. by the 1760s, hunters in the southeastern British colonies took around 500,000 deer every year 4. trade was profitable for the Indians -received many goods of real value -Huron chiefs enhanced their authority with control of European goods -but Indians fell prey to European disease -fur trade generated much higher levels of inter-Indian warfare

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North American fur trade

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1. iron tools and cooking pots 2. gunpowder weapons 3. European textiles 4. as a result, many traditional crafts were lost 5. many animal species were depleted through overhunting 6. deeply destructive power of alcohol on Indian societies

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Native Americans became dependent on European trade goods

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1. Profits of fur trade were the chief incentive for Russian expansion 2. had a similar toll on native Siberians as it had on Indians -dependence on Russian goods -depletion of fur-bearing animal populations 3. Russians didn't have competition, so they forced Siberians to provide furs instead of negotiating commercial agreements 4. private Russian hunters and trappers competed directly with Siberians

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Russian fur trade

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-Between the mid-fifteenth and mid-nineteenth centuries, the Atlantic slave trade took an estimated 11 million people from Africa to the Americas 1. millions more died in the process 2. vast human tragedy 3. African slave trade transformed the societies of all participants -the African diaspora created racially mixed societies in the Americans -slave trade and slavery enriched many -slavery became a metaphor for many types of social oppresion

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Commerce in People: The Atlantic Slave Trade

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1. Most human societies have had slaves 2. Africans had practiced slavery and sold slaves for centuries -trans-Saharan trade took slaves to the Mediterranean world -East Africans slave trade

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The Slave Trade in Context

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1. slaves were often assimilated in their owners households 2.children of slaves were sometimes free, sometimes slaves 3. Islamic world preferred female slaves; Atlantic slave trade favored males 4. not all slaves has lowly positions (in Islamic world, many slaves has military or political status) 5. most premodern slaves worked in households, farms, or shops

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Slavery took man forms, depending on the region and time period

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1. the scale and important of the slave trade in the americas was enormous 2. largely based on plantation agriculture, with slaves denied any rights at all 3. slaves statues was inherited 4. little hope of manumission 5. widespread slavery in society that valued human freedom and equality unlike anywhere else except maybe ancient greece 6. slavery was wholly identified with Africa and with "blackness"

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distinctiveness of slavery in the Americas

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1. sugar production was the first "modern" industry (major capital investment, technology, disciplined workers, mass market) 2. the world was very difficult and dangerous- slaves were ideal 3. at first, Slavs from the Black Sea region provided most slaves for Mediterranean sugar plantations 4. Portuguese found an alternative slave source in West Africa

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origins of Atlantic slavery lay in the Mediterranean and with sugar production

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1. Slavs weren't available 2. Indians died of European disease 3. Europeans were a bad alternative; Christians from marginal lands couldn't be enslaved; indentured servants were expensive 4. Africans were farmers, had some immunity to diseases, were not Christian, and were readily available 5. long debate on how much racism was involved

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Africans became the primary source of slave labor for the Americans

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1. Slave trade was driven by European demand 2. but Europeans didn't raid Africa for slaves; they traded freely with African merchants and elites -from capture to sale on the coast, trade was in African hands -Africans received trade goods in return, often bought with American silver

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The Slave Trade in Practice

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1. many smaller societies were completely disrupted by slave raids from their neighbors 2. even larger states were affected (e.g. kingdom of Kongo) 3. Some african slave traders were themselves enslaved by unscrupulous Europeans

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destabilization of African societies

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1. between 1450 and 1600, fewer than 4,000 slaves were shipped annually 2. in the seventeenth century, average of 10,000 slaves per year, taken to Americas

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increasing pace of Atlantic slave trade

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1. People from West Africa (present-day Mauritania to Angola) 2. Mostly people from marginal groups (prisoners of war, debtors, criminals) 3. Africans generally did not sell their own peoples

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Who was enslaved?

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1. 5-6 percent in North America 2. the rest in mainland Spanish America or in Europe 3. about 15 percent of those enslaved died during the Middle Passage

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80 percent of slaved ended up in Brazil and the Caribbean

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1. created new transregional linkages

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Comparing Consequences: The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa

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1. sub Saharan Africa had about 18 percent of the world's population in 1600 but only 6 percent in 1900 2. Slave trade generated economic stagnation and political disruption in Africa - those who profited in the trade did not invest in production -did not generate breakthroughs in agriculture or industry since Europeans didn't increase demand for Africa's products, just for its people

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slowed Africa's growth, while Europe and China expanded in population

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1. some kingdoms (Kongo, Oyo) gradually disintegrated 2. some took advantage of the slave trade 3. Benin was one of the most developed states of the coastal hinterland -states dates back to about the 11th century CE -monarch (oba) controlled trade -largely avoided involvement in the slave trade -diversified its exports 4. Aja-speaking peoples to the west of Benin -slave trade disrupted several small weak states -inland kingdom of Dahomey rose in the early 18th century -was a highly authoritarian state -turned to deep involvement in the slave trade, but under royal control -annual slave raids by the army -government depended on slave trade for revenue

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Political effects

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