question

____________ are the fastest-growing ethnic minority group in the United States - ___ out of ___ immigrants are now ____________.

answer

Asian Americans, 2, 5, Asian

question

Formal operational thought is more ____________ and ____________ than concrete operational thought.

answer

concrete, abstract

question

Adolescents in the ____________ stage can conjure up make-believe situations, events that are purely hypothetical possibilities or abstract propositions and can try to reason logically about them.

answer

formal operational

question

Another indication of the abstract quality of adolescents' thought is their increased tendency to ____________.

answer

think about thought itself

question

____________ dominates during the beginning of the formal operational stage when thought is full of ____________ and ____________.

answer

Assimilation, idealism, possibilities

question

At the same time that adolescents think more abstractly and idealistically, they also think more ____________ about abstract concepts.

answer

logically

question

____________ is Piaget's formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses, or best guesses, about ways to solve problems.

answer

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

question

____________ thinkers test their hypotheses with judiciously chosen questions and tests.

answer

Formal operational

question

____________ thinkers often fail to understand the relation between a hypothesis and a well-chosen test of it, stubbornly clinging to ideas that already have been discounted.

answer

concrete operational

question

Only about ___ in ___ young adolescents is a formal operational thinker.

answer

1, 3

question

Education in the logic of ____________ and ____________ promotes the development of formal operational thinking.

answer

science, mathematics

question

____________ is the heightened self-consciousness of adolescents.

answer

Adolescent egocentrism

question

The ____________ is adolescents belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, as well as attention-getting behavior.

answer

imaginary audience

question

The ____________ is the part of adolescent egocentism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility.

answer

personal fable

question

Adolescents sense of ____________ makes them believe that no one can understand how they really feel.

answer

personal uniqueness

question

Adolescents sense of ____________ may lead them to believe that they themselves are invulnerable to dangers and catastrophes that happen to other people.

answer

invincibility

question

In ____________'s view, in the later years of childhood and continuing adolescence, individuals approach ____________ levels that may or may not be achieved, in contrast to the largely universal ____________ levels that young children attain.

answer

Deanna Kuhn, cognitive, cognitive

question

By adolescence, considerable variation in ____________ is present across individuals.

answer

cognitive functioning

question

Kuhn argues that the most important cognitive change in adolescence is improvement in ____________

answer

executive functioning

question

____________ involves higher-order cognitive activities such as reasoning, making decisions, monitoring thinking critically, and monitoring one's cognitive progress.

answer

Executive functioning

question

____________ maintains that incomplete information processing occurs because the children's short term memory was ____________.

answer

Sternberg, overloaded

question

____________ argues that adolescents probably have more storage space in ____________, which results in fewer errors on such problems as ____________.

answer

Sternberg, short-term memory, analogies

question

British psychologist ____________ proposed the concept of working memory.

answer

Alan Baddeley

question

____________ is a kind of "mental workbench" where information is manipulated and assembled to help make decisions, solve problems, and comprehend written and spoken language.

answer

Working memory

question

Working memory increased substantially from ___ through ___ years of age - that is, through the transition to adulthood and beyond - no matter what the task.

answer

8, 24

question

Adolescent years are likely to be an important developmental period for improvement in ____________.

answer

working memory

question

Higher-order, complex cognitive processes are often called ____________.

answer

executive functioning

question

The ____________ states that decision making is influenced by two cognitive systems - one analytical and one experiential, which compete with each other.

answer

dual-process model

question

If an individual has not developed a solid basis of fundamental skills (such as literacy and math skills) during childhood, ____________ skills are unlikely to mature in adolescence.

answer

critical-thinking

question

It is the ____________ system - monitoring and managing actual experiences - that benefits adolescents' decision making, not the ____________ system.

answer

experiential, analytical

question

Some experts on adolescent cognition argue that in many cases adolescents benefit from both ____________ and ____________ systems.

answer

experiential, analytical

question

____________ are beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be and involve what is important to us.

answer

Values

question

Over the past three decades, traditional-aged college students have shown an increased concern for ____________ and a decreased concern for the ____________, especially for the ____________.

answer

personal well-being, well-being of others, disadvantaged

question

Damon found that only about ___ percent of 12 to 22 year olds in the United States expressed "a clear vision of where they want to go, what they want to accomplish in life, and why.

answer

20

question

____________ is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community.

answer

Service learning

question

Those who worked directly with individuals in need were better adjusted ____________, whereas those who worked for organizations had better ____________ outcomes.

answer

academically, civic

question

___ percent of U.S. public high schools require students to participate in service learning.

answer

26

question

The percentage of college freshman who said the chances are very good that they will participate in volunteer or community serve programs ____________ from ___ percent in 1990 to ___ percent in 2008.

answer

increased, 18, 28.3

question

Interest in developing a meaningful philosophy of life increased from ___ percent to ___ percent of U.S. freshman from 2001 to 2008.

answer

39, 51.4

question

More than 70 years ago, educator ____________ recognized that, even when schools do not have specific programs in moral education, they provide moral education though a ____________.

answer

John Dewey, hidden curriculum

question

The ____________ is conveyed by the moral atmosphere that is a part of every school.

answer

hidden curriculum

question

Currently ___ out of 50 states have mandates regarding character education.

answer

40

question

____________ is a direct education approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior and doing harm to themselves or others.

answer

Character education

question

In the ____________ approach, every school should have an explicit moral code that is clearly communicated to students.

answer

character education

question

Rather than just instructing adolescents in refraining from engaging in morally deviant behavior, a ____________ advocates educating students in the importance of engaging in prosocial behaviors, such as considering others feelings, being sensitive to others, and helping others.

answer

care perspective

question

____________ means helping people to make clear what is important to them, what is worth working for, and what purpose their lives are to serve.

answer

Values clarification

question

In the ____________ approach, students are encouraged to define their own values and understand the values of others.

answer

values clarification

question

In ____________ exercises, there are no right or wrong answers.

answer

values clarification

question

____________ is a concept based on the belief that students should learn to value such aspects of life as democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops.

answer

Cognitive moral education

question

____________ recognized that the moral atmosphere of the school is more important than he initially envisioned.

answer

Kohlberg

question

____________ argues that moral development should focus on social relationships more than Kohlberg does.

answer

Carol Gilligan

question

In Carol Gilligan's view, schools should better recognize the importance of ____________ in the development of adolescent girls.

answer

relationships

question

A 2006 survey revealed that ___ percent of secondary school students said they had cheated on a test in school during the past year.

answer

60

question

How many students reported that they had plagiarized information for the Internet in the past year?

answer

one-third

question

____________ emphasizes an integrative approach to moral education.

answer

Darcia Narvaez

question

An ____________ approach to moral education encompasses both the reflective moral thinking and commitment to justice advocated in Kohlberg's approach, and developing a particular moral character as advocated in the character education approach.

answer

integrative

question

In the ____________, students are given multiple opportunities to discuss other students' experiences, which encourages empathy and perspective taking, and they participate in exercises that encourage them to reflect on their own behaviors in terms of such values as fairness and social responsibility.

answer

Child Development Project

question

___ percent of 13 to 18 year olds said that they believe in God or a universal spirit.

answer

95

question

Almost ___ percent of adolescents said that they pray.

answer

75

question

About ___ percent of adolescents indicated that they had attended religious services within the past week.

answer

50

question

Almost ___ percent of the youth said that it is very important for a young person to learn religious faith.

answer

50

question

More change in religiousness occurred from ___ to ___ years of age than from ___ to ___ years of age.

answer

14, 18, 20, 25

question

Attending religious services was highest at ___ years of age, declined from ___ to ___ years of age, and increased at ___ years of age.

answer

14, 14, 18, 20

question

Religious youth were almost ___ times as likely to engage in community service as nonreligious youth.

answer

3

question

The increase in ____________ thinking lets adolescents consider various ideas about religious and spiritual concepts.

answer

abstract

question

Adolescents' increased ____________ thinking provides a foundation for thinking about whether religion provides the best route to a better, more ideal world than the present.

answer

idealistic

question

Adolescents' increased ____________ reasoning gives them the ability to develop hypotheses and systematically sort through different answers to spiritual questions.

answer

logical

question

Adolescents who have a ____________ with their parents, or are securely attached to them, are likely to adopt their parents' religious affiliation.

answer

positive relationship

question

When students make the transition from elementary school to middle or junior high school, they experience the ____________, the circumstance of moving from teh top position to the lowest position.

answer

top-dog phenomenon

question

The Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development issued an extremely ____________ evaluation of U.S. ____________.

answer

negative, middle schools

question

Vulnerable youth who mainly engaged in ____________ or spent little time in positive organized ____________ were less likely to go to college.

answer

paid work, extracurricular activities

question

The transition to high school was especially challenging for ____________ and ____________ youth declined from middle to high school.

answer

African American, Latino

question

In the last half of the twentieth century and the first several years of the twenty-first century, U.S. high school dropout rates ____________.

answer

declined

question

In the 1940s, more than ___ percent of U.S. 16 to 24 year olds had dropped out of school; by 2006, this figure had decreased to ___ percent.

answer

50, 9.3

question

The dropout rate of ____________ adolescents remains ____________, although it has been ____________ in the twenty-first century.

answer

Latino, high, decreasing

question

The highest dropout rate in the United States occurs for ____________ youth - less than ___ percent finish their high school education.

answer

Native American, 50

question

____________ (___ percent) are more likely to drop out than ____________ (___ percent).

answer

Males, 12, females, 9

question

The gender gap in dropout rates is especially large for ____________ adolescents and ____________ adolescents.

answer

Latino, African American

question

Almost ___ percent of the dropouts cited school-related reasons for leaving school.

answer

50

question

___ percent of the dropouts (but ___ percent of the Latino students) cited economic reasons.

answer

20, 40

question

Approximately how many of the girls who drop out of school do so for personal reasons, such as pregnancy or marriage?

answer

one-third

question

____________ is an innovative comprehensive, long-term dropout prevention program serving more than 15,000 children.

answer

"I Have a Dream"

question

Personality-type theory is ____________'s theory.

answer

John Holland

question

____________ is Holland's theory that an effort should be made to match an individual's career choice with the individual's personality.

answer

Personality-type theory

question

Individuals are more ____________ and ____________ than Holland's theory suggests; most individuals are not pure types.

answer

varied, complex

question

On the average, high school students spend less than ___ hours per year with guidance counselors, and in some schools the average is even less.

answer

3

question

Youth in low-income circumstances may have more limited ____________.

answer

career choices

question

Piaget's formal operational stage begins at age ___.

answer

11

question

Critical thinking increases with age and was found in only ___ percent of eleventh graders.

answer

43

question

____________ is thinking reflectively and productively, and evaluating evidence.

answer

Critical thinking

question

The abstract quality of thinking during the formal operational stage is evident in the adolescent's ____________ ability.

answer

verbal problem-solving

question

Cognition is an ____________, not a ____________.

answer

individual construct, stage

Chapter 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards