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Deism

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Liberal religious belief, held by many of the Founding Fathers such as Paine, Jefferson, and Franklin, that stressed rationalism and moral behavior rather than Christian revelation while retaining belief in a Supreme Being.

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Second Great Awakening

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Religious revival that began on the frontier and swept eastward, stirring an evangelical spirit in many areas of American life

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Methodists and Baptists

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The two religious denominations that benefited from the evangelical revivals of the early nineteenth century.

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Mormons

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Religious group founded by Joseph Smith that eventually established a cooperative commonwealth in Utah.

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Burned-Over District

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Area of western New York state where frequent, fervent religious revivals produced intense religious controversies and numerous new sects

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Seneca Falls Convention

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Memorable 1848 meeting in New York where women made an appeal based on the Declaration of Independence.

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Oberlin College

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Evangelical college in Ohio that was the first institution of higher education to admit Blacks and women.

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Brook Farm

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Short-lived intellectual commune in Massachusetts based on "plain living and high thinking"

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Monticello

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Thomas Jefferson's stately self-designed home in Virginia that became a model of American architecture.

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Shakers

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Long-lived communal religious group, founded by Mother Ann Lee, that greatly influenced many American writes of the early nineteenth century

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transcendentalism

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Philosophical and literary movement, centered in New England, that greatly influenced many American writers of the early nineteenth century.

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On the Duty of Civil Disobedience

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The doctrine, promoted by writer Henry David Thoreau in an essay of the same name, that later influenced Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.

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Leaves of Grass

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Walt Whitman's originally shocking poetic masterpiece that embraced sexual liberation and celebrated America as a great democratic experiment

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Moby Dick

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Herman Melville's great but commercially unsuccessful novel about Captain Ahab's obsessive pursuit of a white whale.

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minstrel shows

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Popular nineteenth-century musical entertainments that featured white actors and singers with painted black faces

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Dorothea Dix

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Quietly determined reformer who substantially improved conditions for the mentally ill

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Brigham Young

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The "Mormon Moses," who led persecuted Latter-Day Saints to their promised land in Utah

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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Leading feminist who wrote the "Declaration of Sentiments" in 1848 and pushed for women's suffrage

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Lucretia Mott

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Quaker women's rights advocates who also strongly supported abolition of slavery

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Emily Dickinson

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Reclusive New England poet who wrote about love, death, and immortality

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Charles G. Finney

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Influential evangelical revivalist of the Second Great Awakening

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Amelia Bloomer

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Female reformer who promoted short skirts and trousers as a replacement for highly restrictive women's clothing

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John Humphrey Noyes

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Leader of radical New York commune that practiced complex marriage and eugenic birth control

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Mary Lyon

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Pioneering women's educator, founder of Mount Holyoke Seminary in Massachusetts

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Louisa May Alcott

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A leading female transcendentalist who wrote Little Women and other novels to help support her family

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James Fenimore Cooper

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Path-breaking American novelist who contrasted the natural person of the forest with the values of modern civilization

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Second-rate poet/philosopher, but first-rate promoter of transcendentalist ideas and American culture & scholarship

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Walt Whitman

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Bold, unconventional poet who celebrated American democracy

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Edgar Allan Poe

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Eccentric southern-born genius whose tales of mystery, suffering, and the supernatural departed from general American literary trends

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Herman Melville

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New York writer whose romantic sea tales were more popular than his dark literary masterpiece

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CAUSE: The Second Great Awakening

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Inspired a widespread spirit of evangelical reform in many areas of American life

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CAUSE: The Mormon practice of polygamy

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Aroused persecution from morally traditionalist Americans and delayed statehood for Utah

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CAUSE: Women abolitionists' anger at being ignored by male reformers

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Led to expanding the crusade for equals rights to include women

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CAUSE: The women's rights movement

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Aroused hostility and scorn in most of the male press and pulpit

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CAUSE: Unrealistic expectations and conflict within perfectionist communes

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Caused most utopian experiments to decline or collapse in a few years

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CAUSE: The Knickerbocker and transcendentalist use of new American themes in their writing

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Created the first literature genuinely native to America

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CAUSE: Henry David Thoreau's theory of civil disobedience

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Inspired later practitioners of nonviolence like Ghandi and King

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CAUSE: Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass

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Captured, in one long poem, the exuberant and optimistic spirit of popular American democracy

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CAUSE: Herman Melville's and Edgar Allan Poe's concern with evil and suffering

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Made their works little understood in their lifetimes by generally optimistic Americans

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CAUSE: The Transcendentalist movement

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Inspired writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller

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