Chapter 14 Terms- The Formation of Western Europe – Flashcards
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Simony
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The practice of Bishops selling positions in the Church
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Gothic
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A new style of architecture in the early 1100s which evolved throughout medieval Europe.
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Urban II
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The Pope who read the letter from the Byzantine emperor, Alexius Comenus asking for help against the Muslim Turks. He issued a call for what he termed a "holy war," a Crusade.
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Crusade
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A "Holy War"
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Saladin
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A Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader who was brilliant and controlled Jerusalem or the Holy Land for many years.
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Richard the Lion-Hearted
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An English king who attempted to regain the Holy Land from Saladin but did not.
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Reconquista
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A long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain.
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Inquisition
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A court held by the Church to suppress heresy. This was made by Isabella and Ferdinand to unify their country under Christianity and to increase their power.
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Three- Field System
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Farmers could grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year, not just half. As a result, food production increased.
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Guild
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An organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members.
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Commercial Revolution
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The expansion of trade and business in Europe.
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Burghers
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Merchant-class town dwellers who resented this interference in their trade and commerce. They organized themselves and demanded privileges.
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Vernacular
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The everyday language of their homeland that poets used.
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Thomas Aquinas
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In the mid-1200s he argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument.
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Scholastics
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Scholars who met at the great university were also known as schoolmen.
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William the Conqueror
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The Duke of Normandy (Normans were descended term for the Vikings)
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Henry II
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The English king who added to these holdings by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine from France.
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Common Law
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A ruling of England's royal judges formed a unified body of law which the principles of today are based on in many English-speaking countries including the U.S.
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Magna Carta
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John's nobles forced him to agree to the most celebrated document in English History also known as the Great Charter. It guaranteed certain basic political rights.
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Parliament
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Edward summoned two burgesses (wealthy citizens) from every borough and two nights from every country to serve as a legislative group.
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Hugh Capet
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An undistinguished duke from the middle of France who succeeded Louis the Sluggard and began the Capetian dynasty of French kings that ruled in France from 987 to 1328.
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Philip II
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One of the most powerful Capetians who greatly increased the territory of France. He also established royal officials called bailiffs who were sent from Paris to preside over the king's courts and to collect the kings taxes.
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Estates-General
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The meeting that helped increase royal power against nobility. It included the Church leaders, Great lords, and wealthy landholders (or wealthy merchants.)
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Avignon
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A city in France that Clement V, the newly selected Pope, moved to from Rome.
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Great Schism
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The split in the Church between the two popes, Pope Urban II (Italian) and Clement VII (France.) They each declared the other to be false pope, excommunicating his rival.
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John Wycliffe
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Preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the Church. He was much affected by worldliness and wealth many clergy displayed. He also believed that the clergy should own no land or wealth.
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Jan Hus
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Was influenced by Wycliffe's writings and taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope. They were excommunicated in 1412 and burned at the stake in 1415.
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Bubonic Plague
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The deadly disease that killed over 96 million people across Europe during the 1300s.
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Hundred Years' War
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England and France battled with each other for the throne of France for over a century.
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Joan of Arc
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A teenage French peasant girl who felt moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors. She lead the French army into battle and guided the French onto the path of victory.
