chapter 14 MANA – Flashcards

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Leadership
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the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.
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Leaders focus on
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visions, missions, goals, and objectives, while managers focus solely on productivity and efficiency.
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primary difference between leaders and managers
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leaders are concerned with doing the right thing, while managers are concerned with doing things right.
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Managers
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tend to have a short-term perspective, leaders tend to have a long-term perspective.
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trait theory
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all effective leaders possess a similar set of traits or characteristics
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leadership trait of integrity
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refers to the extent to which leaders do what they said they would do
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as a leader
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behavior, initiating structure is the degree to which a leader structures the roles of followers by setting goals, giving directions, setting deadlines, and assigning tasks.
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integrity
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to the extent to which leaders do what they said they would do.
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Initiating structure leader behavior
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has also been referred to as "job-centered leadership" and "concern for production."
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The leadership behavior of consideration
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has also been referred to as "concern for people" and "employee-centered leadership."
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consideration
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While initiating structure primarily affects subordinates' job performance,___ primarily affects subordinates' job satisfaction.
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True
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Researchers believe leaders can simultaneously be considerate and initiate structure because consideration and initiating structure are independent behaviors.
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three major situational leadership theories
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all assume that the effectiveness of any leadership style (the way a leader generally behaves toward followers) depends on the situation.
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There is no such thing as a "best" leadership style for all situations and employees T OR F
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TRUE
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Fiedler's contingency theory
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based on the assumption that leadership styles are tied to the leader's underlying needs and personality and are therefore generally incapable of change.
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Fiedler's contingency theory states that
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in order to maximize work group performance, leaders must be matched to the situation that best fits their leadership style
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Fiedler's contingency theory
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three situational factors determine the favorability of a situation: leader-member relations, task structure, and position power.
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The path-goal theory
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directive leadership is similar to the key leadership behavior of initiating structure.
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achievement-oriented leadership
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leadership style in which leaders set challenging goals, have high expectations of employees, and display confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort.
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path-goal model
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the directive and supportive leadership styles directly parallel the key leadership behaviors of initiating structure and consideration, respectively.
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normative decision theory
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helps leaders decide how much employee participation should be used when making decisions.
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normative decision theory
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using the right degree of employee participation improves the quality of decisions and the extent to which employees accept and are committed to decisions.
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Strategic leadership
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the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, think strategically, and work with others to initiate changes that will create a positive future for an organization (i.e., it includes implementation as well as thinking and planning).
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Transformational leadership
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leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group.
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While transformational leaders use visionary and inspirational appeals to influence followers, transactional leadership is
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based on an exchange process
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leadership
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is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.
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maintaining the status quo
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Which of the following is a major concern of managers (as opposed to leaders)?
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the television industry has a shortage of effective leadership
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one of the criticisms of the television industry is the networks' desire to maintain ratings by thinking in terms of next week's programming. The networks are also more concerned with how to get high program ratings quickly. This criticism assumes .
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inspiring and motivating others
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major concern of leaders (as opposed to managers)
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a. take a long-term perspective b. inspire and motivate employees to embrace change c. realize that results are more important than processes d. be architects rather than builders ***do all of these things
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Ford Motor Company has always attracted and nurtured capable managers, but it has failed to do the same for leaders. Ford is embarking on a sweeping attempt to mass-manufacture leaders. It wants to build an army of "warrior-entrepreneurs." Ford's "warrior-entrepreneurs" will be expected to
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are more than likely managers rather than leaders
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Companies whose executives do not try to motivate employees to create long-term solutions to the problems facing the companies are most likely
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would be characterized as a leader
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When Jack Welch, former Chairman of General Electric, a Fortune 5 company, assumed the role of CEO, he immediately began to make drastic changes in the company's structure and product lines. He envisioned a bloated, inefficient General Electric becoming an efficient, profitable organization over time. He inspired and motivated his employees to change. Jack Welch
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Organizations need both leaders and managers.
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Which of the following statements about leaders and managers is true?
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trait theory
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Relatively stable characteristics such as abilities, psychological motives, or consistent patterns of behavior, form the basis for the of leadership.
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trait theory viewpoint
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According to an article from CIO Magazine, "Leadership grows from courage and integrity." From this opening statement, you know the article will discuss leadership from the
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trait
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The "great person" theory is another name for the theory of leadership.
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Drive
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Which one of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative?
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Honesty
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Which of the following traits refers to the extent to which leaders are truthful with others?
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Integrity
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Oftentimes when an individual is running for a local political office, he or she makes lots of promises. When the individual wins the election and assumes office, he or she is often unable to carry through on political promises, an inability which leads to a perceived problem with
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self-confidence
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Leaders who possess the trait of are more decisive and assertive and more likely to gain others' confidence.
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emotional stability
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Which of the following traits refers to the tendency of leaders to remain even-tempered and consistent in their outlook and the way they treat others even when things go wrong?
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are accurately described by all of these
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Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders
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initiating structure; consideration
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Research at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors,__ and __, are central to successful leadership
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employee-centered leadership
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Which of the following is another term for considerate leadership behavior?
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concern for people
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Which of the following is another term for considerate leadership behavior?
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Consideration
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In terms of leadership behavior, the term___refers to the extent to which a leader is friendly, approachable, supportive, and shows concern for employees.
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Consideration
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Walter Reed Army Institute of Research has made a study of how important it is for military leaders to be friendly with and to show concern for their troops. Its research shows that a leadership behavior high in ___positively influences soldiers and their ability to adapt to stressful environments.
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Consideration
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Doris Cunningham, CEO of Members Choice Federal Credit Union in West Virginia, believes keeping staff excited about the business they're in is one of a leader's primary roles. She believes a spirit of enthusiasm must start at the top. This indicates that Cunningham is high in
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initiating structure
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United Fruit Company is the owner of the Chiquita brand of bananas. United Fruit emphasized how the fruit was to be picked and packed for transportation and shows no concern for the workers. United Fruit can be considered using type of managing.
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Initiating structure
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College football coaching requires that coaches design every facet of practices, set goals for their players, determine schedules, and even direct all of the plays during the games. College football coaching uses___type of managing
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job performance
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Recently, a newly appointed CEO of a major corporation began by firing the entire management committee. A few months later, this same executive, fired two of his hand-picked senior executives. From this information, it is obvious that this executive was more concerned about his employees' ___than their job satisfaction
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consideration
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Hot Topic is a fastgrowing clothing chain targeted to the alternative teen demographic. Hot Topic's CEO Betsy McLaughlin relies on her employees to locate new trends. McLaughlin almost daily consults with her employees for suggestions on what the stores should carry. She relies on their input before making inventory decisions and treats her employees as equals. McLaughlin is demonstrating
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concern for production
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Which of the following is another term for initiating structure leadership behavior?
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consideration
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A CEO who tours company plants to meet and talk to employees at all levels in order to better understand their concerns and feelings is demonstrating which type of leader behavior?
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job performance; job satisfaction
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Research shows that while initiating structure impacts primarily on , consideration impacts primarily on
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These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and consideration.
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Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true?
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These behaviors are independent, meaning that leaders can do both at the same time.
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Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true?
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Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations?
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a. team management b. middle of the road management c. authority-compliance d. country club management ***none of these
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team management
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Bill Belichick is the coach of the New England Patriots football team. As a successful coach, he has to schedule structured practices, emphasize careful planning, and assign tasks. He also has to show the players that he genuinely cares about them as people. According to the Blake and Mouton grid, Belichick's leadership style would be characterized as
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Fiedler's contingency theory
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Which of the following is an example of a situational theory of leadership?
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Which of the following leadership theories assumes that leadership styles are consistent and difficult to change?
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a. path-goal theory b. normative decision theory c. the Vroom theory d. the status quo theory of leadership *** none of these
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Contingency
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W. L. Gore is the company that created Gore-Tex among many other innovative products. W.L.Gore employees (known as associates) don't have titles or bosses in the traditional sense. Instead, associates make commitments to work on projects that they believe are most worthy of their time. At W.L. Gore, few leaders are appointed; leaders simply emerge as needed by the other employees or the project itself. The Gore company more than likely adheres to the theory of leadership.
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position power
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the term___ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers
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situational favorableness
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in Fiedler's contingency theory, the term___ refers to the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members
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situational favorableness
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Recently, a newly appointed CEO of a major corporation began by firing the entire management committee. A few months later, this same executive, fired two of his hand-picked senior executives. From this information, it is obvious that this executive was more concerned about his employees' than their job satisfaction. In terms of Fiedler's contingency theory, this executive was most concerned with establishing .
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situational favorableness
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Larry Tobin is now president of Fairwinds Credit Union in Florida. After Mr. Tobin assumed the presidency at Fairwinds, he made several personnel changes. Which of the following seems most important to Tobin?
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position power
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Larry Tobin is now president of Fairwinds Credit Union in Florida where he started as a part-time teller. He's learned to ignore one bit of advice he's frequently heard, "Work with what you have." Tobin doesn't buy that view. He subscribes to the philosophy that calls for "having the right people on the bus and the right people in the right seats on the bus." After Tobin assumed the helm at Fairwinds, he made several personnel changes. This ability to make these personnel changes defines Tobin's .
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strong position power
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Some employees called former General Electric, CEO Jack Welch, "Bloody Jack" because his restructuring efforts eliminated numerous jobs and product lines without thought about how individual employees were impacted. Mr. Welch was viewed as "the hatchet man," and the source of the firings. Under Fiedler's contingency theory, someone acting like Mr. Welch would be viewed as having .
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power position
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Recently, a newly appointed CEO of a major corporation began by firing the entire management committee. A few months later, this same executive, fired two of his hand-picked senior executives. From this information, it is obvious that this executive was more concerned about his employees' __ than their job satisfaction. In terms of situational favorableness, this executive demonstrated__ .
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accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations
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Which of the following approaches to implementing Fiedler's contingency theory in the workplace has proven effective?
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the path-goal theory
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According to which of the following leadership model occurs when leaders make it clear how followers can achieve organizational goals, take care of problems that prevent followers from achieving goals, and then find more and varied rewards to motivate followers who achieve those goals, these leaders are demonstrating _____________?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four leadership styles identified in the path-goal theory of leadership?
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a. Directive b. Supportive c. Participative d. Charismatic**** e. achievement-oriented
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directive leadership
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According to the path-goal theory of leadership, what type of leadership is being practiced that involves letting employees know precisely what is expected of them, giving them specific guidelines for performing tasks, scheduling work, setting standards of performance, and making sure that people follow standard rules and regulations.
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supportive leadership
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According to the path-goal theory of leadership, what leadership style involves being friendly and approachable to employees, showing concern for them and their welfare, treating them as equals, and creating a friendly climate
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told employees precisely what he expected them to do
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A directive leader, one who lets his employees know precisely what is expected of them, give them specific guidelines for performing tasks, schedules work, set standards of performance, and makes sure that people follow standard rules and regulations would most likely have
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supportive
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Mr. Jan Carlson, the former CEO of Scandinavian Airline Systems (SAS), believes the most important role for a leader is to instill confidence in people. According to the path-goal theory, this statement indicates that his leadership style would be ___
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supportive leadership
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ccording to the path-goal theory of leadership, is very similar to considerate leader behavior.
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directive
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Recently, a newly appointed CEO of a major corporation began by firing the entire management committee. A few months later, this same executive, fired two of his hand-picked senior executives. From this information, it is obvious that this executive was more concerned about his employees' performances than their job satisfaction. From this information, what type of leadership style is being used?
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the path-goal theory
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When Leon was hired to manage the distribution center, his supervisor advised him to "Do things that satisfy followers today or will lead to future rewards or satisfaction" and "Offer employees something unique and valuable beyond what they're experiencing or can already do for themselves". Leon's supervisor's advice was designed to help Leon become a successful leader. Which leadership theory does Leon's supervisor apparently believe to be most effective in making a good leader?
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Directive
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Under the leadership of Michael Eisner, The Walt Disney Company developed an "executivecentric, Eisner centric culture"—whatever Eisner wanted to happen, he made happen. In terms of the pathgoal theory, Eisner used a(n)___ leadership style to improve Disney's profitability.
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participative leadership
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According to the path-goal theory of leadership, before making decisions.
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outcomes
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In the path-goal theory of leadership, subordinate satisfaction and subordinate performance would be examples of ____.
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task structure
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Which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency in path-goal theory?
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achievement-oriented
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The founder and CEO of a medical products distributor, establishes ambitious goals for his employees and is confident that they will be able to achieve these goals. In terms of the path-goal theory, this founder and CEO is exhibiting a(n) type of leadership.
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achievement-oriented
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During his tenure as the CEO of Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB), John Mack turned the money-losing bank into a profitable firm by "goading workers to move out of their comfort zones" and setting challenging goals for them. His high expectation for his employees indicates that Mack used a(n) leadership style
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the formal authority system
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According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency?
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achievement-oriented leadership
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According to the path-goal theory of leadership, means setting challenging goals, having high expectations of employees, and displaying confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort.
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Participative
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Hot Topic is a fastgrowing clothing chain targeted to the alternative teen demographic. Hot Topic's CEO Betsy McLaughlin relies on her employees to locate new trends. McLaughlin almost daily consults with her employees for suggestions on what the stores should carry. She relies on their input before making inventory decisions. McLaughlin uses the style of management.
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helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making
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The normative decision theory___
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made autocratic decisions
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To save a company from bankruptcy, its CEO told its employees that he would eliminate 53 percent of the company's mechanics and reduce the compensation of the remaining mechanics by 26 percent. In terms of the normative decision theory, Steenland .
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Consultative
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In many organizations, sales managers develop companywide sales forecasts by asking members of the sales force to decide how much growth they anticipate in their individual sales territories. Sales managers then take the input from the individual salespeople and create the companywide sales forecasts based on this information. In the normative decision model, this would be an example of a(n)___ decision-making style.
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the goal congruence rule
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Which of the following is an example of a rule used within normative decision theory to increase decision quality?
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VroomYettonJago's normative decision model
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Which of the following leadership theories uses a decision tree to determine the appropriate level of participation by subordinates in decision-making?
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Strategic leadership
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is the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, think strategically, and work with others to initiate change that will create a positive future for the organization.
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Strategic
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In the trucking industry today, leaders are needed that will do more than simply manage or direct drivers, owner- operators, and the staff that supports them. These leaders need to inspire, coach, encourage, and guide. Today's leaders need to earn consensus by working as part of the team, providing resources to get the job done, then getting out of the way and letting their people perform. Today, these men and women need to be leaders.
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Visionary leadership
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is leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting.
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visionary leader
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Malcolm Thompson was brought in as the CEO of Novalux, a company involved in laser research, to save the company's promise of innovation. It's what he loves: turning ideas into companies, then shaping those businesses to meet evolving challenges. "You're never done," he says. "It always looks like you're near the finish line, but there are always new opportunities along the road—and new obstacles you'd never thought of. That's part of the exploration—constantly looking at the next problem and the next solution." Apparently, Thompson is an example of a(n) ____.
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create a positive image of the future
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The author of The Science of Good and Evil describes his meeting with the founders of Google in the book. He described them as visionary leaders, which means their primary goal for being in business is to
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ethical charismatics and unethical charismatics
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The two kinds of charismatic leaders are referred to as .
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charismatic leadership
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David Koresh was the leader of a religious sect called the Branch Davidians. In 1993 a stand-off between federal agents and the Branch Davidian;s insider their compound resulted in the deaths of approximately 80, including their leader, David Koresh, who had declared himself the "new messiah". David Koresh used what type of leadership to create the strong relationships between him and his followers?
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Charismatic leadership
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refers to the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers.
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articulate a vision based on strongly held values
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Charismatic leaders generally ____.
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unethical charismatic leader
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People with Machiavellian personalities believe that virtually any type of behavior is acceptable if it helps satisfy needs or accomplish goals. Add that skill to someone with the ability to create strong bonds with followers and you have described a leader who is a(n) .
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unethical charismatic
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leaders are ones who will control and manipulate followers, do what is best for themselves instead of his or her organization, only want to hear positive feedback, only share information that is beneficial to themselves, and have moral standards that put their interests before everyone else's.
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Transformational leaders .
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a. are able to make their followers feel they are a vital part of the organization b. encourage followers to make sacrifices for the organization c. help followers see how their jobs fit with the organization's vision d. get employees to see beyond their own needs for the good of the group ***e. are accurately described by all of these
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transformational
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UPS was founded UPS in 1907 as a message delivery business. The development of the telephone would have put an end to the business if UPS's founder had not been a type of leader. One who was able to get his employees to accomplish more than they had thought possible and re-invent the company as a company that delivered goods for retailers.
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Transformational leadership
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generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group.
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supportive influence
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Which of the following is NOT a component of transformational leadership?
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reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior
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Transactional leaders
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used intellectual stimulation to encourage his employees to take innovative approaches to problem solving
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As CEO of UPS, Michael Eskew transformed the company from a package delivery service to a logistics expert so it could serve as a traffic manager for corporate America. As a transformational manager, Eskew . a. insisted his employees do the right thing
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Transactional leadership
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is based on an exchange process, in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance.
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individualized consideration
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Transformational leaders that pay special attention to followers' individual needs by creating learning opportunities, accepting and tolerating individual differences, encouraging two-way communication, and practice being a good listener describes the component of transformational leadership known as ?
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transactional leadership
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Which leadership style would be most likely to rely on positive and negative reinforcement?
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trait theory
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Oakland Athletics Over the past decade, professional baseball has evolved into an increasingly dysfunctional, sharply divided game of big-time haves and small-time have-nots. A few big market teams like the New York Yankees and the Los Angeles Dodgers leverage huge television contracts to acquire top talent at top salaries. Clubs in smaller cities with meager budgets make do with what's left. This trend has not proven true for the Oakland Athletics. From 2000 to 2006, the A's finished first in their division 5 times and second 2 times, all the while spending about onethird of the money as the Yankees on player payroll. The team's success as a smallmarket team is credited to its general manager Billy Beane. Billy Beane is a man who knows how to do more with less. He relentlessly exploits market mismatches by mining data his rivals ignore and by scooping up assets that others have undervalued, an approach made famous in Michael Lewis' Moneyball. He realizes that every player must be evaluated according to his long- term economic impact on the team. People who work with Beane describe him as "monomaniacal, ardent, and controlling." Refer to Oakland Athletics. By describing Beane as ardent and controlling, his co-workers are using its leader.
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has a strong desire to lead
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Refer to Oakland Athletics. Billy Beane is an example of a leader because he
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initiating structure
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Refer to Oakland Athletics. Other teams have an average payroll of $85 million. Beane's payroll for the Athletics is only $33 million. His ability to be frugal and yet build a successful team is in large part due to his ability to set goals, give directions, and assign tasks. In other words, Beane excels in
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directive
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Refer to Oakland Athletics. One of the reasons for Beane's success is his ability to let employees know precisely what is expected of them, give specific guidelines for playing baseball (e.g., All pitchers are instructed to throw strikes on the first pitch and to throw as few pitches as possible during each inning.), and make sure players follow these standards of performance. Beane is a(n) leader.
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visionary leader
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Refer to Oakland Athletics. Beane operates within windows of opportunity; that's all he can afford. Because compensation trails performance, he must find players on the rise, guys who haven't caught fire yet but who could. His ability to see potential players creates a positive image for the baseball club's future. Beane's ability to provide direction for the future means that he could be classified as a(n)
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good leader-member relations
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Refer to Oakland Athletics. Beane's subordinates respect the general manager's abilities, trust him to do what his best for the team, and like him as a person. In terms of situational favorableness, Beane's leadership ability is influenced by
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