Chapter 14 – A People’s History of the United States – Flashcards
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Triple Entente
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A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.
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Central Powers
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In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.
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Imperialism
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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.
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Frans Ferdinand
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heir to Austria-Hungary throne who was assinated, event started WWI
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All Quiet on the Western Front
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(1929) a novel written by Erich Maria Remarque illustrating the horrors of World War I and the experiences of veterans and soldiers. It was extremely popular, but also caused a lot of political controversy when it was first published, and was banned in Germany in the 1930's.
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Lusitania
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A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.
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Militarism
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A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war
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Nativism
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feelings of hostility for immigrants. It favored people or products that were American.
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Selective Service Act
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This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. By the end of WWI, 24.2 had registered; 2.8 had been inducted into the army. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45.
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Espionage Act
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This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.
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Schenck v United States
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Charles Schenck was arrested for handing out leaflets urging individuals to resist the draft during WWI. He claimed freedom of speech. The Supreme Court ruled that freedom of speech can be limited if the speech creates a "clear and present danger" to others.
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Sedition Act
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Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, gauranteed by the First Amednment.
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atrition
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a gradual loss, a wearing away, or a weakening
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shell shock
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psychological disturbance caused by prolonged exposure to active warfare, especially being under bombardment.
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Propaganda
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Information aimed at positively or negatively influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people.
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Western Front
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in WWI, the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other.
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Trench Warfare
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A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.
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Zimmerman Telegram
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German Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to the German minister in Mexico City telling him to promise the Mexican President German help if Mexico went to war with the U.S. the telegram was intercepted and decoded by the British, shocked the American public.
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Fourteen Points
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A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.
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Treaty of Versailles
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(WW) 1918, , Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Air force. 2) Germany had to repair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.
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League of Nations
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A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.
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Reparations
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As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.
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Woodrow Wilson
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28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize
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19th Amendment
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Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.
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No Man's Land
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Territory between rival Trenches, very dangerous
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Total War
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A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.
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Tanks
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first time in warfare in the battle of somme, solved problem of trench warfare, could cross no man's land in safety was immune to machine guns and could roll over barbed wire, was the major reason for the allied victory
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Chemical Warfare
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The first full-scale deployment of deadly chemical warfare agents during World War I was at the Second Battle of Ypres, on April 22, 1915, when the Germans attacked French, Canadian and Algerian troops with chlorine gas. Deaths were light, though casualties relatively heavy.
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Russian Revolution
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Prompted by labor unrest, personal liberties, and elected representatives, this political revolution occurred in 1917 when Czar Nicholas II was murdered and Vladimir Lenin sought control to implement his ideas of socialism.
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Armistice
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An agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce.
