Chapter 13 Chem 2 – Flashcards
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What is the alcohol type that oxidizes to form aldehydes?
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Primary alcohol
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This is responsible for higher boiling poitns of alcohols compared to alkanes:
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Hydrogen bonds
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What is the common name for ethanol?
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ethyl alcohol
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What is a use for ethylene glycol?
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Antifreeze
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What is a use of phenols in medicine?
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Antiseptics
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What is the loss of water from an alcohol?
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dehydration
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What contains a hydroxyl group attached to a benzene ring?
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phenol
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What is the function group in alcohols and phenols?
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OH
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What is the product of oxidation of secondary alcohols?
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Ketones
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What is the number of carbon atoms in 3-methyl 1-pentanol?
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6. 1 in methyl and 5 in pentanol
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What alcohol with 3 alkyl groups attached to carbon with OH group?
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Tertiary
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What is an organic compound that contains a SH group?
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a thoil
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In the body, ethanol acts as what?
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a depressant
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What contains a C-C-C bond?
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an Ether
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O=C-H
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aldehyde
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C-C-C with double oxygen bond in the middle
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ketone
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What are the 2 in the carbonyl group?
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aldehyde and ketone
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O=C-H can also be seen as?
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CHO
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C=O can also be seen as?
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CO
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CH?-CH?-CH?-CHO
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aldehyde = CHO
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CH?-CH?-CO-CH?-CH?-CH?
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Ketone = CO
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Aldehyde prefixes 1C, 2C, 3C, 4C
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1-from 2-acet 3-propion 4. butyr
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Describe an Alcohol:
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contains a hydroxyl group ending in -OH attached to a carbon chain
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Describe a Phenol:
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contains a hydroxyl group ending in -OH attached to benzene ring
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Describe a thiol:
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contains a thiol group with a -SH attached to a carbon chain.
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common name for methanol:
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methyl alcohol
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common name for ethanol:
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ethyl alcohol
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CH?-Ch?-CH?-OH Name:
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1- propanol common name: propyl alcohol
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common name for 2-propanol:
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isopropyl alcohol
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Name some typical alcohols:
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rubbing alcohol (poisonous), antifreeze (deadly) and glycerol (soats and lotions)
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CH?-CH?-CH?-CH?-OH
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1-butanol
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Condensed structural formula for propyl alcohol:
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CH?-CH?-CH?-OH
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What is the difference between antiseptics and disinfectants?
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antiseptics are used on living things, disinfectants on intatimate objects. These are phenols
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What are the prefixes for phenols?
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O (1st and 2nd), M (1st and 3rd), P (1st and 4th)
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Derivatives of phenols:
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active ingredients in essential oils.
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condensed structural formula for ethyl alcohol:
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CH?-CH?-OH
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?What are sources of thiols:
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skunks, onions, oysters, garlic. strong odors. Detecting gas leaks.
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describe what 2-butanethiol looks like:
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4 carbon chain. with -SH attached to Carbon #2
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Describe Ethers:
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Consist of an oxygen atom that is connected by single bonds to 2 other carbon bonds (either alkyl or aromatic) Named in alpha order
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What was used as an anestetic?
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Ethers are worked by inhibiting pain signals to the brain. It would cause nausea and were flammable. no longer used due to electrical instruments.
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What are cyclic ethers?
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Contains an O atom in a carbon ring. A heterocyclic compound does not contain all the same atoms.
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What are dioxins?
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a six-atom ring with 2 oxygen atoms and two double bonds. Highly toxic and often carcinogenic.
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What are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols?
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Primary has 1 alkyl group attached to C with OH Secondary has 2 alkyl groups attached to C with OH tertiary has 3 alkyl groups attached to C with OH
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1°, 2° or 3°: CH?-CH?-OH
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primary 1°
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1°, 2°, or 3°: 2 propanol
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secondary 2° the carbon is attached to 2 methyl groups
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Alcohol's boiling points:
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form hydrogen bonds between alcohol molecules and have higher boiling points than alkanes and ethers of similar mass.
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Ether's boiling points:
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Have an O atom, but no H is attached, cannot form hydrogen bonds. Have boiling points similar to alkanes of similar mass.
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Are alcohols and erthers water?
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they are more water soluble than alkanes because the oxygen atom can form hydrogen bonds with water. less carbons: more soluble.
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are any alcohol's not soluble in water?
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5 or more carbon atoms are insoluble.
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Ate phenol's water soluble?
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yes, it has a hydroxyl group that ionizes slightly. it is corrosive and irritating to the skin.
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Which has a higher boiling point: ethyl methyl ether or 1-propanol?
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1-propanol because alcohols have a higher boiling point.
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which compound would be more soluble in water: ethanol or 2-pentanol?
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Ethanol because it has fewer carbons.
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Combustion of alcohol:
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combustion is the reaction of an alcohol with O? to produce CO?, H?O and energy
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Dehydration of alcohol:
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it occurs when heated with an acid catalyst, H? and is with the loss of an -H and -OH from adjacent carbon atoms to form water. alcohol plus H? becomes an alkene
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What is saytzeff's rule?
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The dehydration of a secondary alcohol favors the product in which hydrogen is removed from the carbon atom in the chain with the smaller number of H atoms.
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What is oxidation?
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An increase in the number of C-O bonds with a loss of a H.
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what is reduction?
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A decrease in the number of C-O bonds, with a gain of a H.
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What happens when alcohol is oxidized?
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it loses hydrogen.
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List order of oxidized groups:
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Alkane, alcohol, aldehyde or ketone and carbolic acid. (less to more)
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Do ketones undergo further oxidation?
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No, they have no more to give.
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What do primary alcohols oxidize to?
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They form aldehydes. add a double O bond and H?O
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What do secondary alcohols oxidize to?
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they form ketones. add a double bond to O and H?O. (have one more CH?)
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What do tertiary alcohols oxidize to?
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Nothing, they do not readily oxidize because the Carbon does not have a H on it.
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H?, heat
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Alkene
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[O]
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oxidation
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O?, heat
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combustion
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What is oxidation of ethanol in the body?
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ethanol is oxidized by enzymes int he liver. Aldehyde product impairs coordination. the enzyme will build up an you will feel a hangover.
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What does ethanol do?
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Acts as a depressant, kills or disables more people more than any other drug, is metabolized at a rate of 12-15 mg per hour by a social drinker. Is metabolized at a rate of 30 mg per hour by an alcoholic.
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Oxidation of thiols:
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an H atom is lost from two -SH groups. The product is disulfide.
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Oxidation of thiols and hair:
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much of the protein in hair is cross-linked by disulfide bonds, which occur between the thiol groups of aimino acid cysteine. When a person gets a perm, a reducing substance is used to break the disulfide bonds.
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Which functional group does not contain alcohol?
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Thiol
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at high temperature, the dehydration of cyclohexanol in the presence of an acid produces:
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cyclohexene. Turns alcohol into a double bond.
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which alcohol is an antiseptic solution commonly used on the skin before a blood sample is taken?
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Isopropyl alcohol
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The alcohol that contains two alkyl groups attached to the carbon bonded to the -OH group is a?
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secondary alcohol.
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the oxidation of 2-butanol give a:
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ketone
