Chapter 12 Test Review World History – Flashcards
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Origin of feudalism
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After the fall of Charlemagne's empire, disorder and uncertainty plagued western Europe so people turned to powerful landholders who, in exchange for for certain services, would provide that security;.
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feudalism
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it was a way of life based upon the ownership and use of land.
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fief
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feudal system of the Middle Ages centered around him
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lord
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a piece of land held by one man
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vassal
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used land a lord permitted him to
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Feudal system rankings
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king-fief-lord-vassal
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king
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At the top of the feudal system in each western European kingdom
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crown land
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land of the king that he kept for personal use
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knights
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heavily armed warriors, wearing full body armor and mounted on horses
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Chivalry
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the code of conduct for the nobility and the knights
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Training for knighthood
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Boys started at age 7 as a servant in the service of a lord at age 21 squire would become a knight
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heraldry
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certain colorful and unique symbols, emblems, and designs displayed on armor, shields, and banners.
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coat of arms
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a family's distinct display of heraldry
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castles
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meaning military camp. With invasions and warfare so prevalent, nobles built heavily fortified dwellings
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joust
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two knights fought to knock each other off their horses
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tournaments
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groups of knights fought a mock battle that lasted an entire day and ranged over the whole countryside.
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falconry
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favorite kind of hunting/ hunted falcons
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minstrels
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musicians who played simple stringed instruments and sang ballads of love and war.
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games of the medival times
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Vast majority of people in Europe did not live in castles and had no time or energy for games
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manors
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estates that belonged to the nobles, ranging in size from a few hundred to several thousand acres.
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serfs
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peasants lived in villages of 10 to 50 families located near the center of the manor
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Demesne
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serfs worked here about two to three days a week
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Truce of God
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the church forbade fighting from Friday through Sunday of each week
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Peace of God
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in which the priests denied the sacraments to persons who robbed churches, took a serfs property, or killed noncombatants during battles
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pilgrimages
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considered most valuable for earning one's salvation was a visit to the Holy Land, especially the Christian sites around Jerusalem.
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Pope Urban II
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1095 he responded to the Byzantine Empire by proclaiming the beginning of the crusades.
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Crusades
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stated purpose of capturing the Holy Land from the Muslims and holding it for Christendom
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Saracens
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Muslims that Europe battled in the crusades
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Peasants Crusade
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simple farmers began to revolt but with the Turks being experienced warriors, destroyed the Europeans.
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First Crusade
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1096-1099/ Within a year they captured the Asia Minor for the Byzantine Empire and took Jerusalem in 1099.
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Four little kingdoms
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`Kingdom of Jerusalem, Country of Tripoli, Principality of Antioch, and the Country of Edessa
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Second Crusade
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responded after the Muslims took the Country of Edessa (1147-1149)
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Bernard of Clairvaux
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called on upon the pope to preach of the need for Europeans to take up the cross again
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Louis VII and Conrad III
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persuaded by the preaching of Bernard and were the two of Europe's most powerful monarchs of the day and lead the crusade
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Saladin
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Muslim leader and renowned sultan of Egypt
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Third Crusade
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Happened after the fall of Jerusalem accomplished only the agreement of the European control of the Holy Land(1189-1192)
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Richard I
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English king that joined his French and German counterparts to lead what is remembered as the "Crusade of Kings"
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Frederick Barbarossa
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German king that drowned in Asia minor, prompting most of his soldiers to return home
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Philip Augustus
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French king that led his men back to Europe after a minor victory for the crusaders at the seaport of Acre on the coast of Palestine
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Richard I nickname
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Coeur de Lion which means Lion-Hearted was given to him for his heroic exploits in Palestine.
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Fourth Crusade
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(1202-1204) never reached the Holy Land but instead plundered Constantinople, a city of Christendom
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Children's Crusades
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occurred in 1212 when fanatical preaching instigated about 30,000 French children to march on the Holy Land
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burgs
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new towns that sprang up beside fortresses
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burghers
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Those living in these new communities
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middle class
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the class between the nobility and the peasants was given rise thanks to burgs
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trade fairs
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brought together merchants from many lands
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guilds
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an early form of trade unionism, consisted of voluntary associations among merchants, artisans, and craftsmen
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Hanseatic League
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a confederation of northern German towns formed during the 13th century and eventually embracing some 85 cities.
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Flanders
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a low -lying region located in western Belgium, just across the English Channel from the British Isles.
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Medici
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leading banking family who ruled Florence, Italy and influenced European politics and economics from the 1300s until the 1700s.
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Black Death, Positive effects for the Crusade, Trade routes
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essay questions
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Romanesque
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Archetectual style used thick, massive walls and small windows with rounded arches.
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Gothic
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Archeticture had tall walls with many pointed windows
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Notre Dame
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Gothic archecticure used here
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universities
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growing need for men with special training in such professions as law and medicine led to the founding of these
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Salerno
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first medieval university was center for the study of medicine
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Oxford
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Where John Wycliffe was an official
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Paris
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gained great prestige with programs in theology, law, medicine, and philoosophy
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Prague
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Oldest German university
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Medival curriculum was cut into two parts
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trivium- consisting of grammer, rhetoric and logic quarivium- composed of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy
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Scholasticism
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an attempt to synthesize Greek philosophy with Romanism
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Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham
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Two great scholastics Thomas Aquinas- known as "Dumb Ox" speaked slowly but had a brilliant mind William of Ockham- brilliant mind at Oxford
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Thomism
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denied the totality of man's sinful nature and his dependence upon God for everything
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John Wycliffe
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The most outstanding scholar at Oxford university during the 14th century/ began the first translation of the Bible into English
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Lollards
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Followers of John Wycliffe were called this
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John Wycliffe is known as
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"Morning Star of the Reformation
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Bohemia
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Where John Huss saw the light
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Gerhard Groote
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a Dutch contemporeary of John Wycliffe who organized the Brethren of the Common Life
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Dante
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Divine Comedy
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Geoffrey Chaucer
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The Canterburg Tales
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Italian Renaissance
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Enthusiam for classical Greek and Latin lituratue sprang up in Itlay
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Humanities
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subjects such as history, grammar, rhetoric, and poetry
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Pretrarch
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"Father of Humanism"'
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Boccaccio
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First great writer of prose in a modern language
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Niccolo Machiavelli
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Wrote The Prince
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patrons
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people who use their own money to support the arts
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Giotto
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Changed the art of painting in the 14th century
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moasaccio and Botticelli
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followed Giotto's footsteps to reach new heights in realistic painting
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Ghiberti, Donatello, Verrocchio
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captured the likeness of reality in stone and metal
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Personified the era's new ideal of man Renaissance man/ painted Mona Lisa and Last Supper
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Raphel
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painted Sistine Madonna and The School of Athens
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Michelangelo
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the greatest Italian lyric poet of the 16th century/ Sistine Chapel, David and Moses
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Johann Gutenburg
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invented the movable-type printing press about 1440.
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Gutenburg Bible
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1456, first Gutenberg bible was published
