Chapter 12 Study Guide-Biology – Flashcards
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Griffith:
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Disease causing bacteria can transform harmless bacteria into ones that cause disease.
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Avery:
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Determined genes are composed of DNA
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Hershey & Chase:
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Studied viruses, non-living particles smaller than a cell that can "Infect Organisms"
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Chargaff:
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The individual responsible for discovering the base pairing rules for DNA. (A=T, G=C)
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Franklin:
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Used x-ray diffraction to get info on DNA structure
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Watson & Crick:
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Figured out the structure of DNA
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Describe the DNA molecule: -What are the Basic Units?
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Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytocine
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Describe the DNA molecule: -What are the 3 parts of these basic units?
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Deoxyribose, Phosphates, and Nitrogen Bases
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Describe the DNA molecule: -What is the name of the shape of the DNA molecule?
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"Double-Helix"
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What are the 4 nitrogen bases of DNA and how do they pair up?
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Adenine = Thymine Guanine = Cytocine
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How do the long strands of DNA fit inside our chromosomes?
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They coil up
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What purposes do nucleosomes serve?
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To pack the large Eukaryotic genomes into the nucleus
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Why is DNA replication a necessary process in cell division?
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DNA is the code that makes our skin look like skin, and not like carrots. If our DNA doesnt replicate itself right, you could get sick with bad stuff.
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Briefly describe the steps of DNA replication.
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1. DNA is unzipped by an enzyme called Helicase 2. The enzyme DNA polymerase moves in and fills in the complimentary sequence of nucleotides on each of the parent strands 3. The two developing DNA strands seperate into 2 new DNA strands
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What function does DNA polymerase serve in the process of DNA replication?
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Forms nucleotides only to the 3 drive end.
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What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA?
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1. DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded 2. DNA contains deoxyribose sugars, RNA has ribose sugar 3. DNA contains Thymine base, RNA has Uracil base
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Name each kind of RNA and briefly describe its function. -mRNA:
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"Messenger" -Carries genetic information from the nucleus, to the cytoplasm
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Name each kind of RNA and briefly describe its function. -tRNA:
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"Transfer" -Brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
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Name each kind of RNA and briefly describe its function. -rRNA:
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"Ribosomal" -Guides the translation of mRNA into a protein
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Describe TRANSCRIPTION. -What is it?
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A process that involves the transcribing of genetic information from DNA to RNA
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Describe TRANSCRIPTION. -Where does it occur in the cell?
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In the nucleus
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Describe TRANSCRIPTION. -What is the end result?
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Protein
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Describe TRANSLATION. -What is it?
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The process by which RNA makes protein
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Describe TRANSLATION. -Where does it occur in the cell?
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In the cytoplasm
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Describe TRANSLATION. -What is the end result?
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Formation of a new Polypeptide chain
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What is a Codon?
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A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
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1.) Givin the following DNA strand, turn it into mRNA then write the amino acid sequence that it codes for: TAC-TTT-GTG-ACC-ATT
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AUG-AAA-CAC-UGG-UAA
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2.) Givin the following DNA strand, turn it into mRNA then write the amino acid sequence that it codes for: AUG-AAA-CAC-UGG-UAA
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AUG = Methionine AAA = Lysine CAC = Histidine UGG = Tryptophan UAA = "Stop"
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Name and Describe the 4 types of chromosomal mutations. - "Deletion"
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Involves the loss of all or part of a chromosome
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Name and Describe the 4 types of chromosomal mutations. - "Duplication"
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A segment of a chromosome is repeated
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Name and Describe the 4 types of chromosomal mutations. - "Inversion"
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Part of a chromosome becomes oriented in the reverse of its usual direction
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Name and Describe the 4 types of chromosomal mutations. - "Translocation"
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Part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome
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What is the difference between a gene mutation and a chromosomal mutation? -Gene
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A permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.
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What is the difference between a gene mutation and a chromosomal mutation? -Chromosomal
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Involves a long segment of DNA, it is any change in the structure, or arrangement of the chromosomes.
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tRNA looks like:
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A weird science beaker with flags coming out of the bottom
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mRNA looks like:
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A row of flags coming out of the top of it wavy line.
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rRNA looks like:
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The outline of a ghost split in half with squiggly lines in the top and bottom half.
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Whats Transformation?
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A process in which one strain of bacteria appears to change into another one.
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Whats Bacteriophage?
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Virus that infects and kills bacteria.
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Whats Helix?
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Shape formed by each strand of DNA.
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whats Replication?
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Process in which DNA makes copies of itself.
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Whats DNA Polymerase?
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The principal enzyme involved in DNA replication.
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Whats Histone?
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Protein that DNA wraps around in eukaryotic chromosomes.
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Whats Promoter?
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Signal in DNA that indicates to enyzmes where to bind to make RNA.
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Whats Introns?
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Gene that is transcribed into RNA.
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Whats Codon?
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Three nucleotides that specify a single amino acid to be added to a polypeptide
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Whats Mutation?
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A change in DNA sequence that affects genetic information.
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Whats Expressed Gene?
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A group of genes that is operated together.
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Whats Operon?
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Sections of RNA molecules that are removed before a eukaryotic gene becomes functional.
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A(an) _______ is made up of three parts: A deoxyribose molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
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**Nucleotide**
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The principal of ________ states that hydrogen bonds can form only between certain bases in DNA
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**Base Pairing**
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Eukaryotic chromosomes contain both DNA and protein tightly packed together to form a substance called ______
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**Chromatin**
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Instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins are carried in ______
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**Messenger RNA**
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During the process of ______, RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence on DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA.
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**Transcription**
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The enzyme that uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into a strand of RNA is called ______
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**RNA Polymerase**
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After introns have been cut out of RNA molecules, the remaining pieces called ______ are spliced together.
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**Exons**
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The decoding of an mRNA message into a protein is known as ______.
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**Translation**
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The three bases on the tRNA molecule that complementary to one of the mRNA codons are called a(an)______.
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**Anticodon**
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A series of genes called ______ controls organs and tissues that develop in various parts of the embryo.
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**Hox Genes**
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Have you mastered this material?
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No you havn't, go study this over again.
