Chapter 12- Physical Health – Flashcards
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Women's pain reports are taken _____ seriously than men's, and they receive _____ aggressive treatment for it. Also more likely to be dismissed as "emotional" and thus not "real".
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less
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What 3 drugs are women consistently prescribed more than men?
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tranquilizers, anti-depressants, and anti-anxiety medication
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Both men and women express more satisfaction with _____ physicians
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female
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Women were ______ as likely as men to report negative feelings about the patient-physician relationship. (1/4 say they were "talked down to" by physician, 17% have been told that a medical condition they felt they had was "all in their head")
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twice
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When one looks at medical conditions that affect both women and men, women often receive ____adequate care even when the severity of the condition is the same for both -Ex: girls who are growing too slowly are referred to specialists only half as often as boys (could be sign of underlying disease) -Ex:Physicians often attribute older women's chronic ailments to natural aging
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less
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Women of color are more likely than white women to be _____ and _______
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poor, uninsured
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Which ethnic group has the highest uninsurance rate?
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latinas
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Medicaid for poor women allows them to receive mandated coverage of ______, while working and middle class women have mandated coverage of _________, which suggests...
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contraceptives, infertility treatments This policy discourages poor women from having children
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______ women use prescription medications at a somewhat higher level than women of color
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white
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Language and cultural differences in perceptions of illness can make communicating with the doctor especially problematic for _____________ women and men, resulting in greater difficulty following a prescribed regimen
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immigrant
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___ women have the highest incidence of severe disability, followed by _____ and ______
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black, white, latinas
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Lesbian and bisexual women may face ________ risks of breast and ovarian cancers
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heightened
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What age-group of women is most likely to be uninsured?
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late 50's early 60's
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Why don't older women have health insurance?
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medicare benefits dont start until 65, and millions do not receive employer-based health insurance
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A federal program designed to provide medical care for those who are over 65 or permanently disabled, regardless of income
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medicare
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Medicare covers ______ of medical costs and it does not cover most long term care or home and supportive care
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less than half
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A combined state and federal program designed to provide medical health care for the needy of any age
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Medicaid
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Health care providers usually refuse to see people of medicare or medicaid because...
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the reimbursement is low
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Individuals with high medical bills who do not qualify for medicaid ultimately become eligible once they have depleted most of their financial resources and assets (most common among residents of nursing homes, most of whom are women)
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spending down
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____ rely more heavily on both medicaid and medicare...why?
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Women, they are more likely to be poor and live longer, and are less likely to have their own insurance because most don't work full time jobs
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The insurer pays part of the cost (usually 80%) for specified services, including hospitalization (up to a certain limit) and diagnostic services, but not preventative care
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fee-for-service insurance
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Provides services to members for a flat fee and emphasizes preventative care and early detection of disease more than fee-for-service insurance does
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managed care
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Which one is the leading means of financing health care?
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managed care
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The most common types of managed care are...
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Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) and Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs)
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Managed care often limits access to specialists and _______ treatment options for many women, particularly older women who have many chronic ailments requiring treatment by different specialists
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reduces
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Nearly half of all STD's occur in .....
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teens and young adults
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___ in 4 american teenage girls and nearly ____ of African American teenage girls are infected
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1, half
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What is the most commonly reported STI in America?
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Chlamydia
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STI's are transmitted more easily to _____ and are more difficult to diagnose
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women
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What are some factors that enhance a woman's risk for contracting STI's?
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being under 25, using condoms inconsistently, being sexually active at an early age, and having sex frequently with multiple partners
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-Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and is the most devastating of all the STI's -One of the leading causes of death worldwide
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AIDS
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What is the fastest growing group of Americans infected with HIV?
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Women of color
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_____ women, who constitute just 12 percent of the population, make up nearly 2/3 of women with AIDS in the US
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black
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What is the leading cause of AID transmission?
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heterosexual sex
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Women, especially ______ women, are sicker at the time of diagnosis with HIV or AIDS and die more quickly than men with the disease
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black
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Why are women often diagnosed at a later stage of HIV than men?
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-Women are viewed as being at low risk for the disease so their physicians may overlook signs of HIV infections -Women are usually caregivers/breadwinners for family and may delay seeking health care for themselves until they are very ill -Many HIV-infected women live in poverty and don't have access to health care
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HIV-infected women have a _____% chance of passing the virus to their children. (women who take antrietroviral drugs during pregnancy, have C-section, avoid breastfeeding and give newborn antiretroviral drugs only have 1-2% chance of infecting child)
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25
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AIDS in older women
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-Vaginal tissues thin and lubrication decreases which causes small tears during intercourse, increasing the chance of HIV to enter the bloodstream -Viagra has increased sexual activity in older people but without a corresponding increase in condom use (baby-boomers grew up before HIV epidemic and didn't learn how to negotiate condom use so most report having unprotected sex) -Not expected to be sexually active so are diagnosed later or misdiagnosed -More likely to deteriorate rapidly bc of already week immune system
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When the lining of the uterus (endometrium) migrates and grows on pelvic structures, such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and bladder (chronic and painful condition, causes pelvic and menstrual pain and heavy bleeding. Severe endometriosis is major cause of infertility)
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endometriosis
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noncancerous growths of the uterus (cause pelvic and menstrual pain, heavy bleeding, and possibly infertility and miscarriage)
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fibroid tumors
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Fibroid tumors happen most often in what group of women?
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Black women
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What is the most common cancers of the female reproductive tract? -Risk factors include estrogen replacement therapy, obesity, early menarche, late menopause, and never having children -More common in white women than black, but black women are more likely to die from it
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Endometrial or uterine cancer
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Which is the most curable cancers of the reproductive system
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Endometrial or uterine cancer
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What type of cancer is in the lower end of the uterus and the 3rd most common cancer of the female genital system? -Risk Factors: smoking, early age at first intercourse, multiple sex partners, extended use of oral contraceptives, HP infection
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Cervical cancer
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An inexpensive and effective screening technique that has been used for several decades to identify precancerous changes in the cervix
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pap smear
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What kind of cancer causes the most deaths out of all the female reproductive cancers? -AKA a silent killer bc symptoms usually don't appear until it's in an advanced stage
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Ovarian
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The removal of the uterus
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hysterechtomy
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By age 60, more than ____ in 4 American women will have their uterus removed
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1
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What is the most common reason for hysterectomies?
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fibroid tumors
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What are two less invasive procedures to get rid of fibroid tumors?
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fibroid embolization (blocks blood flow to the fibroids) and myomectomy (surgical removal of fibroids)
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Do women who keep their ovaries in hysterectomies live shorter or longer than women who lose theirs?
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Longer
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Excessive loss of bone tissue in older adults, which results in the bones becoming thinner, brittle, and more porous
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osteoperosis
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80% of those effected by osteoporosis are....
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women
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What helps build and maintain strong bones?
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Calcium, Vitamin D, estrogen
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A synthetic estrogen marketed as Evista, decreases bone loss in postmenopausal women and reduces the risk of spinal fractures and breast cancer
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Raloxifene
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More women die in the US of _______ than from all other forms of cancer combined, including breast cancer
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heart disease
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Over __ in __ women will eventually die from heart disease
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1 in 3
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Women and heart disease
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-Becomes apparent about 10 years later than in men (poorer prognosis) -Illness and death increases dramatically after menopause, partly due to declining estrogen levels -More likely than men to die after heart attack, if they survive they are more likely to have a second attack -More likely than men to die after treatment for disease, even when they are equally old and ill
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What are major risk factors for heart disease?
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income level, ethnicity, family history, inactivity, smoking, obesity, hormone replacement therapy, bad diets, high blood pressure, diabetes
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What is another major risk factor for heart attack and the most important risk factor for stroke?
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High blood pressure (hypertension)
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Birth control pills ______ women's risk of heart disease and stroke and hormone replacement therapy _______ the risk of heart disease
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decrease, increases
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Other factors that increase risk of heart disease
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-Type A personality, depression, loneliness and low levels of social support (for women not men). women who are divorced, widowed, or unhappily married at greater risk than those who aren't, job stress
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Why do women receive poorer care when it comes to diagnosis and treatment of heart disease?
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-Women do not receive the aggressive treatment that men do -Women are less likely to show the "classic" male symptoms of chest pain and are more likely to show nausea, dizziness, shortness of breath, sweating, chest pressure, fatigue, sleep disturbance, heartburn etc. (misdiagnosed as indigestion, muscle pain, stress, or anxiety) -Less likely than men to get angiogram (most important diagnostic heart test), treatment medications and devices or referral to cardiac rehab centers
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True or False: Women have poorer psychosocial health following a heart attack or coronary bypass than men
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True (more anxious and depressed, take longer to return to work and recover physically, feel guilty about not doing chores so resume household duties sooner)
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What disease to women fear above every other?
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Breast cancer
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Is breast cancer the number one cancer killer of women?
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No, it is lung cancer
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1 out of every ____ women will develop breast cancer at one point in her life
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8
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What is the greatest risk factor for breast cancer?
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Age
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Four out of five breast cancers are diagnosed in women....
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over 50
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____ women are slightly more likely to get breast cancer overall, but ____ women are far more likely to die from it (in addition to the socioeconomic reasons, tumors are faster growing and more malignant in black women)
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white, black
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Recent use of birth control pills and hormone replacement therapy ____ risk of breast cancer
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increase
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A low-dose X ray picture of the breast which detects suspicious lumps up to two years before they are large enough to be felt
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mammogram
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the removal of the breast, underlying chest wall, and underarm lymph nodes
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radical mastectomy
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removal of the breast and underarm lymph nodes
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modified radical mastectomy
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removal of the breast only
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simple mastectomy
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when only the lump and some surrounding tissue are removed
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lumpectomy (aka partial mastectomy)
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Lung cancer is the ________cause of cancer deaths in women, killing more women each year then breast, uterine, and ovarian cancers combined
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leading
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Although fewer men have been dying of lung cancer in the past several years, women have showed the _____ trend
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opposite
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What is the biggest risk factor for lung cancer? Other factors?
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-Smoking- 80% of lung cancer cases -Second hand smoke, asbestos, radon
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Women are at ______ risk than men for developing lung cancer among individuals who have never smoked.
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greater
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Women with lung cancer tend to survive _____ than men at all stages of the disease, and tend to develop the cancer at _______ ages
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longer, younger
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What is the difference between mortality and morbidity?
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mortality- death rates morbidity- illness
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Women are ____, men die _____
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sicker, quicker
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Women live longer than men, but in poorer health
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gender paradox (women live longer than men, but in poorer health)
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The rate of miscarriage and stillbirth is higher for...
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boys
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Life expectancy is about ___ for women, and ____ years less for men
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80, 5
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What are some biological factors that may tell us why women outlive men?
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Male fetuses being attacked by mother in the womb because of male hormones, slower maturation of male fetuses, females second X chromosome protects against some lethal diseases, higher estrogen levels to protect the heart, lower metabolism, more robust immune systems,
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Which ethnic group of women has the lowest smoking rates?
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Asian
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Around the world, women and men with higher incomes and more education have _____ life expectancies and ____ health
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longer, better
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____ women have the shortest life expectancy of any group and _____ have the longest
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black, asian
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Although they live longer than men, women have more ________ conditions that cause suffering but do not kill
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chronic
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When is one considered disabled?
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When the chronic condition restricts daily life or reduces the ability to take care of oneself
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The degree of disability resulting from chronic conditions is assessed by measuring how well individuals carry out two groups of activities: ....
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Activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)
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basic, self-caring activities such as eating, bathing, toileting, walking, and getting in and out of bed or chair
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activities of daily living
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go beyond personal care to include preparing meals, doing housework, shopping, doing laundry, attending social activities, using the telephone, taking medications, and managing money
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instrumental activities of daily living
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True or false: Women of all ages are less apt to exercise than men
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true
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What ethnic group of women exercises the least?
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Black women
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What ethnic group of women exercises the most?
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White women
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Sexual minority women may have ____ health risks, in part due to reduced access to medical care
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elevated
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___ rely more heavily on Medicare and Medicaid
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women
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True or false: American women have one of the highest hysterectomy rates in the world
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true
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hormonal
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Scientists gave two principal reasons for confining medical experiments to men. First, women's monthly ________________ fluctuations "complicated" research results, and second, potential ethical and legal problems might arise from experimenting on women who would later bear children.
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True
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True or False *Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)*, caused by the *human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)*, is the most devastating of all the STIs.
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chronic
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*80% of women over the age of 55* will have at least one ___________ illness.
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chest pains
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Within heart disease symptoms, many women never had __________ __________.
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Healy
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Bernadine ____________ was the first woman to head NIH (National Institute of Health), and was also the President of the American Heart Association; championed for understanding that heart disease is "not a man's disease in disguise".
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negative, women
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Women are more likely to report _____________ [negative/positive] feelings about patient-physician relationship. Women and men more satisfied with _____________ [men/women] physicians.
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HPV
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The most common STI is _________ (genital warts).
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chlamydia
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The most commonly reported STI is ___________.
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69
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Black females account for ____% of women who are HIV positive in US.
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Benign
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_________ conditions of female reproductive disorders include endometriosis and fibroid tumors.
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D
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Type ____ personality linked to *heart disease* and have more difficulty recovering from heart attacks; negative attitidues (worry, anger) and social inhibition (being reserved and lacking social support); (Type A in book).
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sedatives
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Women more likely to abuse ___________, and men more likely to use know someone who sells illegal drugs.
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smoking
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In 1987, *lung cancer* overtook breast cancer as *leading cause of cancer death for women*; ___________ increases the chances of lung cancer *more for women than for men*
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suicide
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The top three leading causes of death in females are: 1) heart disease 2) cancer 3) stroke. In men, *unintentional injuries* come in third place and _________ comes in eighth place.
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Human
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____________ brains and bodies were designed for *physical activity and social engagement*.
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