question

What were scientists two principal reasons for confining medical experiments on men?

answer

1) Women's monthly hormonal fluctuations "complicated" research results 2) potential ethical and legal problems might arise from experimenting on women who would later bare children

question

_____ are the focus in the research of the leading cause of death among both men and women: heart disease

answer

men

question

Women, older people, and ethnic minorities are underrepresented in recent research on three of the leading causes of _______ death: lung cancer, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer.

answer

cancer

question

Interactions between female patients and male physicians is often _______, with women patients treated as subordinates

answer

paternalistic

question

Women's pain reports are taken _____ seriously than men's, and they receive _____ aggressive treatment for it. Also more likely to be dismissed as "emotional" and thus not "real".

answer

less

question

What 3 drugs are women consistently prescribed more than men?

answer

tranquilizers, anti-depressants, and anti-anxiety medication

question

Both men and women express more satisfaction with _____ physicians

answer

female

question

Women were ______ as likely as men to report negative feelings about the patient-physician relationship. (1/4 say they were "talked down to" by physician, 17% have been told that a medical condition they felt they had was "all in their head")

answer

twice

question

When one looks at medical conditions that affect both women and men, women often receive ____adequate care even when the severity of the condition is the same for both -Ex: girls who are growing too slowly are referred to specialists only half as often as boys (could be sign of underlying disease) -Ex:Physicians often attribute older women's chronic ailments to natural aging

answer

less

question

Women of color are more likely than white women to be _____ and _______

answer

poor, uninsured

question

Which ethnic group has the highest uninsurance rate?

answer

latinas

question

Medicaid for poor women allows them to receive mandated coverage of ______, while working and middle class women have mandated coverage of _________, which suggests...

answer

contraceptives, infertility treatments This policy discourages poor women from having children

question

______ women use prescription medications at a somewhat higher level than women of color

answer

white

question

Language and cultural differences in perceptions of illness can make communicating with the doctor especially problematic for _____________ women and men, resulting in greater difficulty following a prescribed regimen

answer

immigrant

question

___ women have the highest incidence of severe disability, followed by _____ and ______

answer

black, white, latinas

question

Lesbian and bisexual women may face ________ risks of breast and ovarian cancers

answer

heightened

question

What age-group of women is most likely to be uninsured?

answer

late 50's early 60's

question

Why don't older women have health insurance?

answer

medicare benefits dont start until 65, and millions do not receive employer-based health insurance

question

A federal program designed to provide medical care for those who are over 65 or permanently disabled, regardless of income

answer

medicare

question

Medicare covers ______ of medical costs and it does not cover most long term care or home and supportive care

answer

less than half

question

A combined state and federal program designed to provide medical health care for the needy of any age

answer

Medicaid

question

Health care providers usually refuse to see people of medicare or medicaid because...

answer

the reimbursement is low

question

Individuals with high medical bills who do not qualify for medicaid ultimately become eligible once they have depleted most of their financial resources and assets (most common among residents of nursing homes, most of whom are women)

answer

spending down

question

____ rely more heavily on both medicaid and medicare...why?

answer

Women, they are more likely to be poor and live longer, and are less likely to have their own insurance because most don't work full time jobs

question

The insurer pays part of the cost (usually 80%) for specified services, including hospitalization (up to a certain limit) and diagnostic services, but not preventative care

answer

fee-for-service insurance

question

Provides services to members for a flat fee and emphasizes preventative care and early detection of disease more than fee-for-service insurance does

answer

managed care

question

Which one is the leading means of financing health care?

answer

managed care

question

The most common types of managed care are...

answer

Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) and Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs)

question

Managed care often limits access to specialists and _______ treatment options for many women, particularly older women who have many chronic ailments requiring treatment by different specialists

answer

reduces

question

Nearly half of all STD's occur in .....

answer

teens and young adults

question

___ in 4 american teenage girls and nearly ____ of African American teenage girls are infected

answer

1, half

question

What is the most commonly reported STI in America?

answer

Chlamydia

question

STI's are transmitted more easily to _____ and are more difficult to diagnose

answer

women

question

What are some factors that enhance a woman's risk for contracting STI's?

answer

being under 25, using condoms inconsistently, being sexually active at an early age, and having sex frequently with multiple partners

question

-Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and is the most devastating of all the STI's -One of the leading causes of death worldwide

answer

AIDS

question

What is the fastest growing group of Americans infected with HIV?

answer

Women of color

question

_____ women, who constitute just 12 percent of the population, make up nearly 2/3 of women with AIDS in the US

answer

black

question

What is the leading cause of AID transmission?

answer

heterosexual sex

question

Women, especially ______ women, are sicker at the time of diagnosis with HIV or AIDS and die more quickly than men with the disease

answer

black

question

Why are women often diagnosed at a later stage of HIV than men?

answer

-Women are viewed as being at low risk for the disease so their physicians may overlook signs of HIV infections -Women are usually caregivers/breadwinners for family and may delay seeking health care for themselves until they are very ill -Many HIV-infected women live in poverty and don't have access to health care

question

HIV-infected women have a _____% chance of passing the virus to their children. (women who take antrietroviral drugs during pregnancy, have C-section, avoid breastfeeding and give newborn antiretroviral drugs only have 1-2% chance of infecting child)

answer

25

question

AIDS in older women

answer

-Vaginal tissues thin and lubrication decreases which causes small tears during intercourse, increasing the chance of HIV to enter the bloodstream -Viagra has increased sexual activity in older people but without a corresponding increase in condom use (baby-boomers grew up before HIV epidemic and didn't learn how to negotiate condom use so most report having unprotected sex) -Not expected to be sexually active so are diagnosed later or misdiagnosed -More likely to deteriorate rapidly bc of already week immune system

question

When the lining of the uterus (endometrium) migrates and grows on pelvic structures, such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and bladder (chronic and painful condition, causes pelvic and menstrual pain and heavy bleeding. Severe endometriosis is major cause of infertility)

answer

endometriosis

question

noncancerous growths of the uterus (cause pelvic and menstrual pain, heavy bleeding, and possibly infertility and miscarriage)

answer

fibroid tumors

question

Fibroid tumors happen most often in what group of women?

answer

Black women

question

What is the most common cancers of the female reproductive tract? -Risk factors include estrogen replacement therapy, obesity, early menarche, late menopause, and never having children -More common in white women than black, but black women are more likely to die from it

answer

Endometrial or uterine cancer

question

Which is the most curable cancers of the reproductive system

answer

Endometrial or uterine cancer

question

What type of cancer is in the lower end of the uterus and the 3rd most common cancer of the female genital system? -Risk Factors: smoking, early age at first intercourse, multiple sex partners, extended use of oral contraceptives, HP infection

answer

Cervical cancer

question

An inexpensive and effective screening technique that has been used for several decades to identify precancerous changes in the cervix

answer

pap smear

question

What kind of cancer causes the most deaths out of all the female reproductive cancers? -AKA a silent killer bc symptoms usually don't appear until it's in an advanced stage

answer

Ovarian

question

The removal of the uterus

answer

hysterechtomy

question

By age 60, more than ____ in 4 American women will have their uterus removed

answer

1

question

What is the most common reason for hysterectomies?

answer

fibroid tumors

question

What are two less invasive procedures to get rid of fibroid tumors?

answer

fibroid embolization (blocks blood flow to the fibroids) and myomectomy (surgical removal of fibroids)

question

Do women who keep their ovaries in hysterectomies live shorter or longer than women who lose theirs?

answer

Longer

question

Excessive loss of bone tissue in older adults, which results in the bones becoming thinner, brittle, and more porous

answer

osteoperosis

question

80% of those effected by osteoporosis are....

answer

women

question

What helps build and maintain strong bones?

answer

Calcium, Vitamin D, estrogen

question

A synthetic estrogen marketed as Evista, decreases bone loss in postmenopausal women and reduces the risk of spinal fractures and breast cancer

answer

Raloxifene

question

More women die in the US of _______ than from all other forms of cancer combined, including breast cancer

answer

heart disease

question

Over __ in __ women will eventually die from heart disease

answer

1 in 3

question

Women and heart disease

answer

-Becomes apparent about 10 years later than in men (poorer prognosis) -Illness and death increases dramatically after menopause, partly due to declining estrogen levels -More likely than men to die after heart attack, if they survive they are more likely to have a second attack -More likely than men to die after treatment for disease, even when they are equally old and ill

question

What are major risk factors for heart disease?

answer

income level, ethnicity, family history, inactivity, smoking, obesity, hormone replacement therapy, bad diets, high blood pressure, diabetes

question

What is another major risk factor for heart attack and the most important risk factor for stroke?

answer

High blood pressure (hypertension)

question

Birth control pills ______ women's risk of heart disease and stroke and hormone replacement therapy _______ the risk of heart disease

answer

decrease, increases

question

Other factors that increase risk of heart disease

answer

-Type A personality, depression, loneliness and low levels of social support (for women not men). women who are divorced, widowed, or unhappily married at greater risk than those who aren't, job stress

question

Why do women receive poorer care when it comes to diagnosis and treatment of heart disease?

answer

-Women do not receive the aggressive treatment that men do -Women are less likely to show the "classic" male symptoms of chest pain and are more likely to show nausea, dizziness, shortness of breath, sweating, chest pressure, fatigue, sleep disturbance, heartburn etc. (misdiagnosed as indigestion, muscle pain, stress, or anxiety) -Less likely than men to get angiogram (most important diagnostic heart test), treatment medications and devices or referral to cardiac rehab centers

question

True or False: Women have poorer psychosocial health following a heart attack or coronary bypass than men

answer

True (more anxious and depressed, take longer to return to work and recover physically, feel guilty about not doing chores so resume household duties sooner)

question

What disease to women fear above every other?

answer

Breast cancer

question

Is breast cancer the number one cancer killer of women?

answer

No, it is lung cancer

question

1 out of every ____ women will develop breast cancer at one point in her life

answer

8

question

What is the greatest risk factor for breast cancer?

answer

Age

question

Four out of five breast cancers are diagnosed in women....

answer

over 50

question

____ women are slightly more likely to get breast cancer overall, but ____ women are far more likely to die from it (in addition to the socioeconomic reasons, tumors are faster growing and more malignant in black women)

answer

white, black

question

Recent use of birth control pills and hormone replacement therapy ____ risk of breast cancer

answer

increase

question

A low-dose X ray picture of the breast which detects suspicious lumps up to two years before they are large enough to be felt

answer

mammogram

question

the removal of the breast, underlying chest wall, and underarm lymph nodes

answer

radical mastectomy

question

removal of the breast and underarm lymph nodes

answer

modified radical mastectomy

question

removal of the breast only

answer

simple mastectomy

question

when only the lump and some surrounding tissue are removed

answer

lumpectomy (aka partial mastectomy)

question

Lung cancer is the ________cause of cancer deaths in women, killing more women each year then breast, uterine, and ovarian cancers combined

answer

leading

question

Although fewer men have been dying of lung cancer in the past several years, women have showed the _____ trend

answer

opposite

question

What is the biggest risk factor for lung cancer? Other factors?

answer

-Smoking- 80% of lung cancer cases -Second hand smoke, asbestos, radon

question

Women are at ______ risk than men for developing lung cancer among individuals who have never smoked.

answer

greater

question

Women with lung cancer tend to survive _____ than men at all stages of the disease, and tend to develop the cancer at _______ ages

answer

longer, younger

question

What is the difference between mortality and morbidity?

answer

mortality- death rates morbidity- illness

question

Women are ____, men die _____

answer

sicker, quicker

question

Women live longer than men, but in poorer health

answer

gender paradox (women live longer than men, but in poorer health)

question

The rate of miscarriage and stillbirth is higher for...

answer

boys

question

Life expectancy is about ___ for women, and ____ years less for men

answer

80, 5

question

What are some biological factors that may tell us why women outlive men?

answer

Male fetuses being attacked by mother in the womb because of male hormones, slower maturation of male fetuses, females second X chromosome protects against some lethal diseases, higher estrogen levels to protect the heart, lower metabolism, more robust immune systems,

question

Which ethnic group of women has the lowest smoking rates?

answer

Asian

question

Around the world, women and men with higher incomes and more education have _____ life expectancies and ____ health

answer

longer, better

question

____ women have the shortest life expectancy of any group and _____ have the longest

answer

black, asian

question

Although they live longer than men, women have more ________ conditions that cause suffering but do not kill

answer

chronic

question

When is one considered disabled?

answer

When the chronic condition restricts daily life or reduces the ability to take care of oneself

question

The degree of disability resulting from chronic conditions is assessed by measuring how well individuals carry out two groups of activities: ....

answer

Activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

question

basic, self-caring activities such as eating, bathing, toileting, walking, and getting in and out of bed or chair

answer

activities of daily living

question

go beyond personal care to include preparing meals, doing housework, shopping, doing laundry, attending social activities, using the telephone, taking medications, and managing money

answer

instrumental activities of daily living

question

True or false: Women of all ages are less apt to exercise than men

answer

true

question

What ethnic group of women exercises the least?

answer

Black women

question

What ethnic group of women exercises the most?

answer

White women

question

Sexual minority women may have ____ health risks, in part due to reduced access to medical care

answer

elevated

question

___ rely more heavily on Medicare and Medicaid

answer

women

question

True or false: American women have one of the highest hysterectomy rates in the world

answer

true

question

hormonal

answer

Scientists gave two principal reasons for confining medical experiments to men. First, women's monthly ________________ fluctuations "complicated" research results, and second, potential ethical and legal problems might arise from experimenting on women who would later bear children.

question

True

answer

True or False *Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)*, caused by the *human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)*, is the most devastating of all the STIs.

question

chronic

answer

*80% of women over the age of 55* will have at least one ___________ illness.

question

chest pains

answer

Within heart disease symptoms, many women never had __________ __________.

question

Healy

answer

Bernadine ____________ was the first woman to head NIH (National Institute of Health), and was also the President of the American Heart Association; championed for understanding that heart disease is "not a man's disease in disguise".

question

negative, women

answer

Women are more likely to report _____________ [negative/positive] feelings about patient-physician relationship. Women and men more satisfied with _____________ [men/women] physicians.

question

HPV

answer

The most common STI is _________ (genital warts).

question

chlamydia

answer

The most commonly reported STI is ___________.

question

69

answer

Black females account for ____% of women who are HIV positive in US.

question

Benign

answer

_________ conditions of female reproductive disorders include endometriosis and fibroid tumors.

question

D

answer

Type ____ personality linked to *heart disease* and have more difficulty recovering from heart attacks; negative attitidues (worry, anger) and social inhibition (being reserved and lacking social support); (Type A in book).

question

sedatives

answer

Women more likely to abuse ___________, and men more likely to use know someone who sells illegal drugs.

question

smoking

answer

In 1987, *lung cancer* overtook breast cancer as *leading cause of cancer death for women*; ___________ increases the chances of lung cancer *more for women than for men*

question

suicide

answer

The top three leading causes of death in females are: 1) heart disease 2) cancer 3) stroke. In men, *unintentional injuries* come in third place and _________ comes in eighth place.

question

Human

answer

____________ brains and bodies were designed for *physical activity and social engagement*.

Chapter 12- Physical Health – Flashcards

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