Chapter 12 Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence – Flashcards
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conventional level
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Kohlberg's second level of moral development stages 3 & 4, in which moral understanding is based on conforming to social rules to ensure positive human relationships and maintain societal order.
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ethnic identity
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An enduring, basic aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.
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gender intensification
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increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior, and movement toward a more traditional gender identity
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identity
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One's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. Involves defining who you are, what you value, and the directions you choose to pursue in life.
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identity achievement
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A commitment to values, beliefs, and goals following a period of exploration
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identity diffusion
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the opposite of identity achievement; adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is; an apathetic state characterized by lack of both exploration and commitment
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identity foreclosure
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commitment to values, beliefs and goals in the absence of exploration
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identity moratorium
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exploration of values, beliefs and goals without having reached commitment
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identity vs role confusion
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According to Erikson's theory, the psychosocial conflict that needs to be resolved during adolescence is________________________
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moral identity
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the degree to which morality is central to an individual's self-concept
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postconventional level
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From Kohlberg's theory of moral development stages 5 & 6, moves beyond unquestioning support for society's rules and laws and instead defines morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.
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preconventional level
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From Kohlberg's theory of moral development stages 1 & 2, morality is externally controlled. Rules are accepted from authority figures and actions are judged by consequences. Bad behavior = punishment, good behavior = reward.
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crowd
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Often, several cliques with similar values form a larger, more loosely organized group called a ______.
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Role confusion
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A lack of direction and self-definition are symptoms of _________________
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diffuse-avoidant
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Eighteen-year-old Coral is a diffused teenager. Individuals like Coral typically use a(n) __________ cognitive style in which they avoid dealing with personal decisions and problems and, instead, allow current situational pressures to dictate their reactions.
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information-gathering
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Adolescents in moratorium resemble identity-achieved individuals in using an active, _________ cognitive style to make personal decisions and solve problems: They seek out relevant information, evaluate it carefully, and critically reflect on and revise their views.
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moral dilemmas
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In Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, hypothetical situations that require a person to consider values of right and wrong.
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instrumental purpose
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When faced with a moral dilemma, Lydia reasons, "If you do this for me, then I'll do that for you." Kohlberg would place Lydia in the ___ orientation of moral development (preconventional)
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punishment and obedience
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The first stage of Preconventional Morality that is that the goodness or badness of an act depends on its consequences
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interpersonal cooperation
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In response to the Heinz dilemma Jolee explains "If Heinz cares at all about what his family thinks of him he wont let his wife die. He'd be a disgrace to his family's name". Jolee is in which of kohlbergs stages?
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social-order-maintaining
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A fifth-grader quiets his neighbor in class, stating that if everyone spoke at once, the students would not be able to listen to the teacher. For Kohlberg, the child is reasoning at the ___ stage (4) Conventional
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pragmatic
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The ____________ approach to morality is when moral judgments are practical tools that people use to achieve their goals
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less
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As girls move into early adolescence, they begin to feel free to experiment with "other-gender" activities and behaviors.
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diffusion
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Research on identity development indicates that individuals who are stuck for a long time in identity __________ are the most likely to use or abuse drugs.
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integrating
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I'm talkative around friends, who really listen to me; but at home, I clam up because no one really hears me." is a statement that exemplifies 17-year-old Xavier's ability to add ____________ principles that make sense of formerly troublesome contradictions?
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stressful
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Suicidal adolescents are likely to have experienced multiple _________ life events.
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3
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Individuals in village societies rarely move beyond Stage _______ of Kohlberg's stages
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strong
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In adolescence, attachment between siblings remains _________ for most young people.
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4
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Among college-educated young adults, Kohlberg's Stage _____ reasoning is the typical response.
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1
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When presented with the Heinz dilemma, Luann overlooks Heinz's intentions and, instead, focuses on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment. Luann is at stage _______ of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
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committed
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Almost all teenagers admit to having__________ some sort of delinquent act.
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justice
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A common __________ morality is clearly evident in the dilemma responses of people from vastly different cultures
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identity
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Erikson was the first to recognize __________ as a crucial step toward becoming a productive, content adult
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explore
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Society can help minority adolescents resolve identity conflicts by encouraging them to __________ the meaning of ethnicity in their lives.
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discipline
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Families of delinquent youths tend to be low in warmth, high in conflict, and characterized by harsh, inconsistent __________ and low monitoring.
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social virtues
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Compared with school-age children, teenagers' self-evaluations place more emphasis on ________.
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plan ahead
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An improved ability to ____________ contributes to the sharp rise in suicide during adolescence.
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delinquent
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Doug, who first showed signs of physical aggression at age 3 is the most likely of ___________ youths to experience a life-course pattern of aggression and criminality?
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conventional
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Quinn believes that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order. According to Kohlberg, Quinn is at the __________ level of moral development.
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diffusion
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Research on identity development indicates that individuals who are stuck for a long time in identity __________ are the most likely to use or abuse drugs.
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multiple
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Effective programs to prevent delinquency must start early and take place at ________ levels.
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depression
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____________ is the most common psychological problem of adolescence.
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will
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Sally and Richard, both 18, are presented with the Heinz dilemma. Based on gender alone, Sally will/won't display reasoning at the same stage or higher than Richard?
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achievement
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Sixteen-year-old Garrett feels that he has a great relationship with his mother, with whom he feels free to have spirited discussions about politics and religion. Garrett is likely to be in a state of identity ________.
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identity
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Sixteen-year-old Max has been introspective lately. He has been wondering who he really is, thinking about his values, and pondering the direction he will pursue in the future. Max is constructing his ___________.
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experiment
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As girls move into early adolescence, feel less free to ____________ with "other-gender" activities and behaviors.
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achieve their goals
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Researchers who favor the pragmatic approach to morality assert that everyday moral judgments are practical tools that people use to _________.
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1
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When presented with the Heinz dilemma, Luann overlooks Heinz's intentions and, instead, focuses on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment. Luann is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? Stage ____: The punishment and obedience orientation
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moratorium
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Adolescents in ________ seek out relevant information, evaluate it, and revise their views.
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preconventional
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At Kohlberg's __________ level, behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bad, whereas those that lead to rewards are seen as good.
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welfare
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In Kohlberg's "good boy-good girl" orientation, children express the same concern for the _______ of another as they do for themselves.
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