Chapter 12; DNA: The Genetic Material – Flashcards
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DNA, proteins
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chromosomes are made of....
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Griffith
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discovered that the DNA is one organism can transform the DNA in another organism to something else and discovered DNA in 1928; was looking for a pneumonia vaccine, not DNA; was working with harmful and harmless bacteria;
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Griffith's experiment
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1. injected disease-causing harmful bacteria into mice; they died 2. injected harmless bacteria into mice; they lived 3. injected heat-killed harmful bacteria into mice; they lived 4. injected heat-killed harmful bacteria WITH the harmless bacteria into the mice; they died -discovered that something in the heat-killed harmful bacteria transformed the harmless bacteria into harmful, which killed the mice
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Avery
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(1944) proved first that the genetic material was DNA; believed the genetic material is DNA; re-did Griffith's experiment;
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Avery's experiment
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1. instead of heat-killing the harmful bacteria, he killed the bacteria with a DNA-destroying enzyme 2. mixed enzyme-killed harmful bacteria with the live harmless bacteria, gave it to the mice, and didn't cause pneumonia -proved first that the genetic material was DNA
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Hershey and Chase
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(1952) proved that the genetic material was DNA; used bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) in their research
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Hershey and Chase's experiment
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1. exposed bacteriophages to radioactive sulfur, which can only be found in proteins, and radioactive phosphorus, which can only be found in DNA 2. allowed the exposed 'phages to infect the bacteria 3. once the bacteria was infected, they examined the bacteria and found the radioactive phosphorus in the bacteria due to the fact that the 'phages only inject their DNA into the bacteria -proved that the genetic material was DNA
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nucleotides
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sub-units/components of the DNA; make up the DNA
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deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar), phosphate, and a nitrogen base
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a nucleotide is made up of...
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adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)
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the four nitrogen bases are....
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thymine
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adenine bonds to...
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adenine
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thymine bonds to...
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cytosine
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guanine bonds to...
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guanine
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cytosine bonds to...
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sugar (deoxyribose)
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the bases are attached to the (phosphate/sugar)
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rungs
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in a DNA molecule, the bases make up the....
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sides
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in a DNA molecule, the sugars (deoxyribose) and phosphates make up the.....
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twisted, double helix
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DNA is _____ into a _____.
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6 billion
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in every cell, the DNA is ______ bases long
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Chargaff
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saw that there was always the same amount of adenine and thymine, and the same amount of guanine and cytosine
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Chargaff's Rule
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adenine only bonds to thymine, and guanine only bonds to cytosine
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Watson and Crick
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(1952) discovered the structure of DNA; used information from Chargaff and Wilkins & Franklin's experiment to build a DNA model
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three
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cytosine and guanine bases pair to each other by _____ hydrogen bonds
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two
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thymine and adenine bases pair to each other by _____ hydrogen bonds
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alternating
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two outside strands of DNA consist of ______ deoxyribose and phosphate
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histones
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a group of beadlike proteins that the DNA tightly coils around/winds up on
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semiconservative replication
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parental strands of DNA separate, serve as templates, and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA
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first, unwinding
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in the ____stage of DNA replication, ______,hydrogen bonds between bases are broken down my helicase enzymes
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second, base pairing
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in the ____ stage of DNA replication, ______, DNA polymerase enzymes bond free nucleotides to open base sites
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DNA polymerase
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an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of appropriate nucleotides to the new DNA strand
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Okazaki fragments
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small lagging DNA strand segments that are synthesized discontinuously; are later connected by the enzyme DNA ligase
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eukaryotes
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in _____, DNA unwinds in multiple areas as DNA is replicated; each individual area of chromosomes replicates as a section; as a result, multiple areas of replication are occurring along the large chromosome at the same time; DNA remains packaged in a nucleus; multiplication replication origins look like bubbles in the DNA strand
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prokaryotes
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in ______, the circular DNA strand is opened at one origin of replication; the DNA replication occurs in two directions; the DNA remains in the cytoplasm; typically shorter than the other cell type's DNA
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nucleosome
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forms when the phosphate groups in DNA create a negative charge, which attracts the DNA to the positively charged histone proteins
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chromatin fibers
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grouped-together nucleosomes; supercoil to make up the DNA structure recognized as a chromosome
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double helix
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twisted ladder shape; formed by two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other
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purine
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adenine and guanine are _____ bases.
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pyrimidine
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cytosine and thymine are ______ bases.
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adenine, guanine
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_____ and _____ are purine bases.
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cytosine, thymine
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_____ and _____ are pyrimidine bases.
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purine bases
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double-ringed bases
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pyrimidine bases
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single-ringed bases
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purine
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a _____ base always binds to a pyrimidine base.
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pyrimidine
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a ______ base always binds to a purine base.
