Chapter 12 A&P 141 – Flashcards
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Role of CNS.
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Control & regulate all other body systems.
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7 characteristics of CNS.
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Protected by bone, covered with meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, composed of grey and white matter, denticulate ligaments, conus medullaris, cauda equine.
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What bones protect CNS?
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Skull and vertebrae
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3 Meninges
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Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater.
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Type of meninges called tough Mother?
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Dura Mater
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Type of meninges called spider web?
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Arachnoid
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Type of meninges called delicate mother?
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Pia mater
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Type of meninges that anchor the spinal cord into the invertebral foramen made of dense connective tissue?
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Dura mater
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Type of meninges that anchors the blood vessels on the spinal cord delicate connective tissue?
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arachnoid
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Type of meninges that adheres to the surface of the spinal cord can't remove it?
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Pia mater
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3 spaces in the meninges.
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Epidural space, subdural space, subarachnoid space.
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Space between the dura mater and vertebral bodies of the vertebrae?
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Epidural space
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Analgesic injected into epidural space and will diffuse into the spinal fluid?
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Epidural block
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Space between dura mater and arachnoid?
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Subdural space
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What fluid does the subdural space have?
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Serous fluid
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Space between the arachnoid and pia mater?
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Subarachnoid space
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What fluid is found in the subarachnoid space?
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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What cells produce cerebrospinal fluid?
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ependymal cells
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2 things about cerebrospinal fluid?
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Cushions, provides nourishment of brain & spinal cord. Reabsorbs into venous blood via arachnoid villi in sagittal blood sinus.
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Kind of matter that is unmyelinated tissue, mainly cell bodies surrounded by white matter?
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Grey matter
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Kind of matter that is shaped like an H or butterfly?
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Grey matter
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Fluid filled space in brain?
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Ventricles
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Grey matter has 6 projections called?
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Horns
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2 dorsal grey horns 6 things to remember.
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dorsal root, afferent fibers, sensory, structurally unipolar, AP goes PNS to CNS, somas in ganglia
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2 ventral grey horns 6 things to remember.
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ventral roots, efferent, motor neurons, structurally multipolar, AP CNS to PNS, somas in gray matter.
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Connects right and left side of spinal cord.
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transverse bar called "gray commissures"
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Horns found in thoracic lumbar.
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2 Lateral gray horns
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What is in center of gray commissures?
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Central canal
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What type of fluid does the central canal contain?
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Deep crack?
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fissure
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Shallow depression.
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Sulcus
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What is myelinated tissue, mainly axons?
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White matter
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What are the 2 grooves white matter contains?
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Anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus.
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Front Middle Deep.
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Anterior median fissure
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Back Middle Sulcus
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Posterior median sulcus
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White matter contains how many fasciculi?
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6
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What 6 fasciculi does white matter contain?
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2 anterior, 2 lateral, 2 posterior
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What tracts are located in the fascicle?
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Ascending, and descending
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Share common origins, destinations, and functions.
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Tracts
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Ascending tracts?
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from PNS to CNS
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Descending tracts?
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from CNS to PNS
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Help to hold spinal cord in place, interweaves arachnoid mater with periosteon of bone.
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Denticulate ligaments
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Tapered end of solid cord at level L1 L2 level?
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Conus Medullaris
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Fibrous strands extending from conus medullaris to coccyx?
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Cauda equine
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Axons that form tracts "Horse Tail"?
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Cauda equine
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Functional unit of Nervous system?
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Reflex Arc
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Structural unit of nervous system.
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Neuron
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4 steps involved with a reflex arc?
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Receptor picks up sensory impulse. Sensory impulse travels along spinal nerve, past dorsal root ganglion, enters the dorsal gray horn (same side of the body). Sensory impulse is transferred to the ventral grey horn. Ventral grey horn sends motor impulse out of spinal cord, through ventral root and along spinal nerves to muscles that will respond to stimulus.
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Automatic, unconscious, protective responses?
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Reflex Arc
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Simplest type of nerve pathway?
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Reflex Arc
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Sensory and motor impulses are not interpreted by the brain?
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Reflex Arc
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2 types of sensory impulses in reflex arc?
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Monosynaptic, polysynaptic.
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Type of reflex directly from sensory to motor neuron most rapid?
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Monosynaptic
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Type of reflex directly from sensory to interneuron to motor neuron slower response?
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Polysynaptic
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Once initiated cannot be stopped?
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Reflex Arc
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Examples of Reflex arc.
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sneezing, coughing, gag reflex. Knee jerk reflex
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When you contract a muscle group interneurons will let you relax the antagonistic muscle group?
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Reciprocal innervation
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Reflex where infants fan out toes and adults curl toes?
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Babinski or planter reflex.
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Reflex that withdraws a limb from a painful stimulus accompanied by another limb reacting?
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Flexor or withdrawal reflex
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What is accompanied by cross extensor reflex?
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Flexor or withdrawal reflex
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3 things about spinal cord.
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Continuous with brain, extends from medulla to L1,L2 area. provides neural communication with brain. Serves as a center for spinal reflexes.
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Ascending tract function.
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Sensory information (afferent)
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Ascending tract structure.
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unipolar
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Where are ascending tract somas found?
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dorsal root ganglia
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Ascending tract sends info from ____ to _____
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PNS CNS
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2 ways spinal cord provides neural communication with brain?
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Ascending tract, descending tract
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Descending tract function.
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Motor information (efferent)
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Descending tract structure.
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Multipolar
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Where are descending tract somas found?
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Gray matter spinal cord
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Descending tract sends info from ____ to _____
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CNS PNS
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Spinal nerve in PNS axons have what outer covering?
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Axonlemma
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After axonlemma each axon is wrapped with ________.
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endoneurium
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Groups of axons are arranged in bundles called ________.
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Fascicle
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Axon fascicle are wrapped with _________.
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Perineurium
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The superficial layer of the axon is __________.
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Epineurium
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Epineurium fuses with ____ _____ at intervertebral foramen.
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Dura Mater
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How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?
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8
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How are the cervical nerves referred to?
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C1- C8
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How many pairs of spinal nerves radiate from the spinal cord?
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31
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How many pairs of thoracic nerve are there?
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12
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How are the thoracic nerves referred to?
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T1- T12
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How many pairs of lumbar nerves are there?
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5
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How are the lumbar nerves referred to?
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L1-L5
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How many pairs of sacral nerves are there?
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5
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How are the sacral nerves referred to?
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S1- S5
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How many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there?
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1
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How are the coccygeal nerves referred to?
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CO1
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Name 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
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Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal.
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Braid formation of a network of spinal nerves to innervate a body region.
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Nerve Plexus
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Major nerve of Cervical Plexus C1-C4
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Phrenic Nerve
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What does the Phrenic nerve innervate?
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Diaphragm
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What Plexus lies in neck and sternocleidomastoid muscle?
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Cervical Plexus C1-C4
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What Plexus supply skin & muscles of neck, scalp, & upper part of shoulder?
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Cervical Plexus C1-C4
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Damage to cord at C1-C4 Causes?
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impaired breathing, Quadriplegia
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What spinal nerves don't braid?
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Thoracic
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5 nerves of brachial plexus C5-T1?
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axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, median, ulnar.
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Most important brachial nerve?
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Median nerve
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What does the median nerve innervate?
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Anterior forearm (carpel tunnel syndrome)
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What Plexus forms a network near clavicle?
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Brachial Plexus C5-T1
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Axillary nerve innervates?
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Upper arm
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Radial nerve innervates?
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Posterior arm
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Musculocutaneous nerve innervates?
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Anterior upper arm
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Ulner nerve innervates?
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Anterior forearm
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What plexus lies on psoas major muscle?
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Lumbar plexus L1-L4
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Major Lumbar Plexus nerve L1-L4?
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Femoral nerve
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What does the femoral nerve innervate?
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Muscles and skin of anterior thigh and leg.
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Major nerve of sacral plexus L4-S3?
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Sciatic nerve
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Largest nerve in body?
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Sciatic nerve
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Neuritis of the ischiatic nerve due to damage, or poison, with pain radiating down back of thigh and leg?
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Ischiadica
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Sensory areas of the skin served by spinal nerve pairs?
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Dermatomes
