Chapter 12 24 26 – Milieu Therapy – Flashcards
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Milieu Therapy
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scientific structuring of the environment in order to effect behavioral changes and to improve the psychological health and function of the individual
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delirium
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mental state char. by a disturbance of cognition, m/b confusion, excitment, disorientation, and a clouding of consciousness. Hallucination and illusions are common
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neurotransmitters involved in AD
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norepinephrine serotonin dopamine amino acid glutamate acetylcholine
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AD Stages
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Stage I: no apparent symptoms Stage 2: forgetfullness Stage 3: Mild cognitive decline Stage 4: Mild to Moderate cognitive decline Stage 5: Moderate Cognitive decline, early dementia Stage 6: Moderate to severe cognitive decline, middle dementia Stage 7: Severe cognitive decline, late dementia
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AD drugs
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Cholinesterase inhibitors- (tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) act by slowing the degradation of acetycholine NMDA receptor antagonist- (memantine) blocking NMDA receptors from excessive glutamate, preventing continuous influx of calcium into cells.
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Cholinesterase inhibitor - cognitive impairment
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Tacrine- Cognex Donepezil- Aricept Rivastigmine- Exelon Galantamine- Razadyne
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NMDA receptor antagonist - cognitive impairment
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Memantine - Namenda
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Antipsychotic- agitation
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Quentiapine- Seroquel Haloperidol - Haldol Risperidone - Risperdal Olanzapine - Zyprexa
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SSRI- depression
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Sertaline - Zoloft Paroxetin - Paxil
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Tricyclic antidepressant
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Nortriptyline- Pamelor
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nonbenzodiazepine- insomnia
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Zolpidem - Ambien Zaleplon - Sonata Eszopicone - Lunesta
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neurotransmitters in schizophrenia
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dopamine norepinephrine serotonin glutamate gamma-amiobutyric acid
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disorganized schizphrenia
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onset before 25, contact with reality is poor, flat affect or grossly inappropriate, communication incoherent, personal appearance neglected
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catatonic schizophrenia
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abnormalities in motor behavior- either stupor or excitement, excitement is a medical emergency, common in the past but is now controlled by antipsychotic medications
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Paranoid schizophrenia
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delusions of persecution or grandeur and auditory hallucinations related to a single theme
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undifferentiated schizophrenia
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does not fit into any of the other categories but behavior is clearly psychotic
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delusion of persecution
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individual feels threatened and believes that others intend to harm or persecute ex: the FBI has bugged my room
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delusions of grandeur
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exaggerated feelings of importance ex. I am god
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delusions of referance
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all events in the environment are referred by the psychotic person to himselft ex. the radio is trying to get me a message
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delusions of control or influence
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objects can control thoughts and actions ex. The filling in my tooth is controlling my thoughts and actions
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somatic delusion
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has false idea about the functioning of his or her body ex. the dr. says I am not pregnant but I know I am.
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Nihilistic delusion
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false idea of self or world ex. I have no heart
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neologisms
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invents new words meaningless to others
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clang associations
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choice of words is governed by sounds, usually rhyming
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word salad
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group of words put together randomly without any logical connection
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anhedonia
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inability to experience pleasure
