Chapter 11 APES Midterm – Flashcards
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There are seven species of sea turtles. All are in danger of becoming extinct, mostly due to ____. a impacts from giant asteroids b human activities that occurred over 100 years ago c female sea turtles not laying large enough clutches of eggs d lower sea levels in the past 100 years e human impacts on their environment taking place during the last 100 years
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b
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The excessive turbidity, or cloudiness, of Lake Wingra in Madison, Wisconsin, was caused by the introduction of which of the following? a common carp b Nile perch c water lilies d marine seaweed e catfish
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a
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Ocean pollution from plastic items dumped from ships and garbage barges, and left as litter on beaches, kills up to ____ sea birds each year. a 1,000 b 25,000 c 100,000 d 500,000 e 1,000,000
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e
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Projected climate change threatens aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services, partly by contributing to ____. a decreased salinity of water b an increase in carbon storage in oceans c UV radiation from ozone depletion d rising sea levels e spread of tropical diseases
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d
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Warmer and more acidic ocean water is stressing ____, the foundation of the marine food web. a phytoplankton b sea turtles c cichlids d sharks e algae
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a
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A concentration of a particular wild aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given ocean area or inland body of water is called a ____. a fish farm b fish habitat c fish bloom d fishery e fish hatchery
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d
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A fishing method called, ____ fishing, is used to catch surface-dwelling species such as tuna, mackerel, anchovies, and herring, which tend to feed in schools near the surface or in shallow areas. a rod and reel b purse-seine c drift-net d trawler e long-line
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b
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Which of the following is defined as the area of ocean needed to sustain the fish consumption of an average person, a nation, or the world? a fishprint b ocean resource footprint c ocean view d footprint e resource demand
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a
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All the nations of the world are overfishing the world's global oceans, taking _____ more than the sustainable yield of fish. a 10% b 28% c 42% d 57% e 75%
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d
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When it appears that it is no longer profitable to continue fishing as a result of overfishing, the fish populations are said to be ____. a locally extinct b ecologically extinct c economically extinct d biologically extinct e commercially extinct
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e
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One result of the increasingly efficient global hunt for fish is that larger individuals of commercially valuable wild species are ____. a migrating to new ocean areas b becoming scarce c feeding on new food sources d becoming more prevalent e becoming smaller in size
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b
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As large species of fish are overfished, the fishing industry is shifting to smaller marine species and about 90% of this catch is converted to fishmeal and fish oil, most of which is ____. a fed to farmed fish b used for cooking c discarded d made into nutrient supplements e fed to cattle
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a
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In recent years, jellyfish blooms have ____. a been declining in numbers b benefited ecotourism c been degraded by commercial fishing d been rising in numbers e altered ocean current flows
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d
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Which term describes species that play crucial roles in helping to keep their ecosystems functioning? a foundational b keystone c primary d critical e cornerstone
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b
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For every shark that injures or kills a person, people kill about ____ sharks. a 150 b 1.2 million c 125,000 d 15 e 2,000
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b
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Scientists are now cataloging species in the deepest part of the ocean by using ____. a spotter planes b global satellite positioning equipment c man driven deep-sea vehicles d sonar fish-finding devices e remotely operated deep-sea vehicles
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e
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HIPPCO is an acronym that aids in remembering ____. a the organizations working toward saving threatened species b African animals that are threatened with extinction c the names of extinct species d threats to the world's biodiversity e the names of international treaties dealing with endangered species
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d
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Sea-bottom habitats are being threatened by ____. a coastal development b little human activity because they are inaccessible c shrimp farming d the largest predator fish in the sea e dredging operations and trawlers
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e
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Ocean acidification is defined as rising levels of acid in ocean waters due to the ocean's absorption of ____ from the atmosphere. a CO2 (carbon dioxide) b CO3 (carbonate ions) c H2CO3 (carbonic acid) d CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) e N2O (nitrous oxide)
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a
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Bioinvaders can be blamed for ____ of all fish extinctions in the U.S. since 1900 and have caused huge economic losses. a 1/4 b 1/3 c 1/2 d 2/3 e 3/4
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d
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One invader that particularly worries scientists and fishers on the east coast of North America is a species of ____ native to the western Pacific Ocean. a lobster b cichlids c lionfish d phytoplankton e sea bass
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c
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In 2010, the UN indicated that what percentage of the world's people are living along or near the ocean, mostly in large coastal cities? a 20% b 80% c 60% d 50% e 40%
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b
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The first letter "P" in the acronym HIPPCO stands for ____. a pesticides b perennial c pressure d population e petroleum
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d
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a in the sunlit region of the ocean b under the polar ice caps c in the open ocean d in the surface region of the ocean e in coral reefs
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e
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What percentage of the world's oceans is fully protected, and closed to fishing and other harmful human activities? a 0.8% b 3.5% c 7.2% d 5.0% e 11%
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a
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Many marine scientists suggest we need at least ____% of the world's oceans fully protected as marine reserves. a 60 b 40 c 30 d 20 e 10
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c
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In 2011, an international panel of scientists concluded that because of a combination of habitat loss, overfishing, pollution, and ocean acidification, marine life is poised to enter a new period of ____. a mass repopulation b endangerment c conservation d resurgence e mass extinction
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e
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What is CITES? a a treaty banning deep-sea exploration b a treaty banning trade in endangered species c a treaty banning gill nets d a treaty banning barrier island development e a treaty banning overfishing
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b
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By law, a country's offshore fishing zone extends to ____ kilometers from its shores. a 80 b 100 c 260 d 300 e 370
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e
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Which U.S. state is leading the way in establishing marine protected areas where fishing will be banned or strictly limited? a Oregon b Florida c California d Washington e Texas
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c
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Many scientists and policy makers are suggesting an ecosystem approach to sustain aquatic systems. The cornerstone of this would include establishment of fully protected ____. a high seas zones b wildlife reserves c continental shelf areas d benthic zones e marine reserves
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e
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Some coastal fishing communities have developed allotment and enforcement systems for controlling fish catches in which each fisher gets a share of the total allowable catch. These systems help sustain fisheries and jobs and are called ____. a community-based management system b total allowable catch system c cap and trade system d co-management systems e catch-share systems
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e
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To encourage more responsible fishing practices, an important component of sustaining aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services is bottom-up pressure from consumers demanding ____. a sustainable seafood b fishing subsidies c fishing only along coasts d seafood caught by trawlers e seafood raised on fish farms
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a
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The traditional approach to estimating fish populations is the ____. a commercial sustained yield b potential sustained yield c maximum sustained yield d optimum sustained yield e minimum sustained yield
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c
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The newer approach to estimating fish populations, one which takes into account interactions between species and has more room for error, is ____. a maximum sustained yield b commercial sustained yield c potential sustained yield d optimum sustained yield e minimum sustained yield
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d
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Despite their ecological value, the United States has lost more than ____ of its coastal and inland wetlands since 1900. a 10% b 25% c 50% d 75% e 90%
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c
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The purpose of mitigation banking is to ____. a encourage sustainable fishing practices b allow for development of wetland for a fee c require the restoration of all wetlands d allow the destruction of wetlands if an equal wetland is created elsewhere e trade wetlands for forest lands
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d
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What species is one of the biggest threats to the Great Lakes? a cod b cutthroat trout c sea lamprey d wild salmon e jellyfish
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c
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The Columbia River dam system has benefited many people, but it has ____. a inhibited reproductive cycles of common carp b sharply reduced populations of herring c sharply increased populations of invasive salmon d inhibited migration patterns of trout e sharply reduced populations of wild salmon
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e
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In order to protect a stream or lake from excessive inputs of nutrients and pollutants, we must protect its ____. a banks b biodiversity c watershed d riparian zones e tributaries
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c
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In 1968, the U.S. Congress passed the ____ to establish protection of rivers with outstanding wildlife, geological, scenic, recreational, historical, or cultural values. a National Rivers and Wetlands Act b National Rivers of Interest Act c National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act d Federal Freshwater Act e Federal Scenic Waterways Act
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c
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Which activity is least likely to be involved with the sustainable management of freshwater fisheries? a facilitating the introduction of commercially important nonnative species b supporting populations of commercial and sport fish species c preventing over fishing d controlling predators and parasites e building and stocking reservoirs and farm ponds
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a
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What is a major threat to the biodiversity and ecological function of the Great Lakes? a invasive nonnative species b tourism c ocean sea level rise d acidification e saltwater intrusion
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a
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What is not one of the ecosystem services of rivers? a provide habitats for wildlife b deliver nutrient to seas to help sustain fisheries c renew and renourish wetlands d remove silt that accumulates in deltas e purify water
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d
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Biologist E. O. Wilson proposed a list of priorities for protecting aquatic biodiversity. What is one of those priorities? a Decrease government subsidies for commercial fishing. b Stop the melting of the arctic ice. c Find ways to move people living in or near aquatic ecosystems elsewhere. d Identify and preserve the world's aquatic biodiversity hot spots. e Stop ocean and freshwater acidification.
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d
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There is growing evidence that the current harmful effects of human activities on aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services could be reversed over the next ____. a two years b ten years c two decades d fifty years e two centuries
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c
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The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan has several goals. Which goal below is not one of them? a Buy 240 square kilometers of farmland and allow it to become marsh. b Build a series of massive dams to stop water leaving the Everglades. c Remove 400 kilometers of canals and levees south of Lake Okeechobee. d Create 18 large reservoirs and underground storage areas. e Restore the curving flow of the Kissimmee River.
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b
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In 1947, the U.S. government established the Everglades National Park to help preserve the wilderness of this system. Why didn't this protection effort work? a Massive water distribution and land development north of the Everglades. b Tourism damaged the natural ecosystem. c Populations of native vertebrates left the Everglades, causing the food web to collapse. d Much of the original Everglades was paved over. e Human population increased in areas surrounding the Everglades.
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a
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Protecting ____ and restoring them in areas where they have been destroyed are important ways to reduce the impacts of rising sea levels and storm surges, because these can slow storm-driven waves. a coral reefs b tidal basins c mangrove forests d algal blooms e estuaries
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c
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Sylvia Earle is leading a campaign called Mission Blue to finance research and to ignite public support for a global network of marine protected areas, which she dubs ____. a megareserves b hope spots c hotspots d oceanic protected areas (OPAs) e underwater wilderness
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b
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Biodiversity is higher in the surface region of the ocean rather than in the bottom region of the ocean. True False
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true
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Climate scientists estimate the oceans may rise as high as five feet by the year 2100. True False
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true
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Research indicates modern industrial fishing has been a key factor in the depletion of up to 80% of the populations of some wild fish species in only 10-15 years. True False
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true
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Marine Protected Areas are the only areas in the ocean where fish are totally protected from human activities. True False
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false
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Approximately 99.2% of the world's oceans are not effectively protected from harmful human activities. True False
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true
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Oceans will become more acidic as a result of the absorption of carbon dioxide. True False
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true
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Governments around the world give a total of more than $30 billion per year in subsidies to fishers, which partly contributes to overfishing. True False
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true
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Creating and restoring wetlands has become a profitable business. True False
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true
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About 10% of the wading birds in the Everglades National Park have vanished. True False
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false
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Salmon populations in the Columbia River have increased by 35% since the dam system was put in place. True False
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false
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Strategies for protecting the earth's precious biodiversity will not be implemented without bottom-up political pressure from individual citizens and groups. True False
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true
