question

an operon

answer

In prokaryotes, a group of genes with related functions is called _____.

question

repressor

answer

Tryptophan is placed into a culture of E. coli cells. As a result, the bacterial cells switch off transcription of tryptophan because the amino acid binds to the _____.

question

is where RNA polymearse binds

answer

The promoter of an operon _____.

question

regulate the rate of transcription

answer

In prokaryotes, operons _____.

question

lactose

answer

The gene for human growth factor is inserted into the E. coli lactose operon so that it replaces the structural genes with the gene for human growth factor. What substance must be added to the bacterial culture so that it produces human growth factor?

question

lactose

answer

In E. coli the lactose operon (lac operon) is turned on in the presence of _____

question

operon

answer

In some species of bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotic tetracycline, the antibiotic molecule attaches to a repressor protein. This prevents binding of the repressor to the bacterial DNA and allows a set of genes to be transcribed. The transcription of these genes is under the control of a(n) _____.

question

cessation of the synthesis of glycine

answer

Some species of bacteria can either synthesize the amino acid glycine or absorb it from their surroundings. If glycine binds to a repressor protein, which then allows the repressor to bind to the bacterial chromosome, the operon will not be transcribed. If it is like other operons, the presence of glycine will result in the _____.

question

function in frequently changing environments

answer

Operons _____.

question

these cells are specialized for different functions

answer

In multicellular eukaryotic cells, the control of gene expression is more complex because _____.

question

differentiation

answer

Cells become specialized by a process known as _____.

question

nucleosomes

answer

In eukaryotes, chromosomes are tightly coiled due to the association of histone proteins and DNA. These structures are known as _____.

question

wrap around the DNA for organization an compaction

answer

Nucleosomes _____.

question

X chromosome inactivation

answer

Anhydrotic dysplasia is a genetic disorder in humans that results in the absence of sweat glands in the skin. Some men have this defect all over their bodies, but in women it is usually expressed in a peculiar way. Women with this disorder typically have small patches of skin with sweat glands and other patches without sweat glands. This pattern of sweat-gland distribution can be explained by _____.

question

proteins around which DNA is coiled

answer

Histones are _____.

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controlling access to DNA

answer

In eukaryotes, DNA packing seems to affect gene expression primarily by _____.

question

activators

answer

The DNA-histone complexes that are formed in eukaryotic cells directly inhibit _____.

question

specific DNA sequences located distant to the promoter

answer

Enhancers are _____.

question

the role of transcription factors

answer

Dioxin is a by-product of various industrial chemical processes. It is suspected of causing cancer and birth defects in both humans and other animals. Apparently, it acts by entering cells and binding to proteins, altering the pattern of gene expression. Therefore, it is reasonable to propose that dioxin acts by mimicking _____.

question

silencer

answer

Eukaryotes have the ability to switch gene expression on or off. If a repressor protein binds to a DNA sequence called a(n) _____, it may block gene expression.

question

controlling the transcription of genes

answer

In eukaryotes, gene expression is regulated mostly by _____.

question

Transcription is the typical point at which gene expression is regulated

answer

Which of the following is true of gene regulation in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

question

introns

answer

The regions of noncoding DNA shown below that separate the coding regions within a gene are called _____.

question

complementary mRNA sequences

answer

MicroRNA (miRNA) functions by binding to _____ and blocking translation.

question

breakdown of RNA

answer

Gene expression can also be controlled after the mRNA molecule has left the nucleus. These mechanisms may include the _____.

question

This enables cells to control the amount of protein present

answer

It is possible for a cell to make proteins that last for months—for example, hemoglobin in red blood cells. However, many proteins are short-lived and may be degraded in days or even hours. Why do cells make proteins with such a short life?

question

RNA would remain in the nucleus as it would be unable to move through the nuclear pores, thus blocking translation of the gene.

answer

A scientist is investigating a new drug that blocks the action of the enzyme responsible for splicing mRNA molecules. If this drug is effective, which of the following statements will be true?

question

egg cell mRNA

answer

An animal's head-to-tail axis is established by _____

question

a mutation in a homeotic gene

answer

What is responsible for the appearance of the fruit fly shown below on the right?

question

gene expression

answer

DNA microarrays are useful tools for studying _____.

question

initiating mRNA synthesis

answer

A signal transduction pathway activates a transcription factor that responds by _____.

question

receptor...transcription factor

answer

Some glucose transport molecules are controlled by levels of insulin. When insulin binds to a specific _____, the signal is relayed to a(n) _____, which then controls gene expression.

question

cell fusion

answer

For the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cells of different mating types secrete factors that bind to specific receptor proteins on the cell surface of cells of the opposite mating type. This initiates a signal transduction pathway that eventually results in _____.

question

from a single ancestor cell

answer

Clones are derived _____.

question

nuclear transplantation

answer

Experiments involving _____ have demonstrated that differentiated cells contain all of the genetic information found in undifferentiated cells.

question

these cells have retained all of their genetic potential

answer

In frogs, when the nucleus of an intestinal cell of a tadpole is transferred to an egg whose nucleus has been removed (nuclear transplantation), some of the eggs will develop into normal tadpoles. This demonstrates that _____.

question

reproductive cloning

answer

In frogs, when the nucleus of an intestinal cell of a tadpole is transferred to an egg whose nucleus has been removed (nuclear transplantation), some of the eggs will develop into normal tadpoles. This demonstrates that _____.

question

These cells must be able to regenerate various types of cells throughout life

answer

Why do you think that adult stem cells are found in bone marrow and the lining of the small intestine specifically?

question

you can differentiate into all cell types

answer

Embryonic stem cells differ from adult stem cells because they _____.

question

Normal controls over cell division have been altered

answer

Which of the following statements best describes cancer cells?

question

generation of multiple copies of a proto-oncogene and inactivation of a tumor-suppressor gene

answer

Which of the following would be most likely to lead to cancer?

question

stimulate cell division

answer

In humans cells, oncogenes _____.

question

tumor-suppressor genes

answer

Which of the following genes inhibits cell division?

question

does not respond to the signals that control cell division

answer

A cancer cell _____.

question

caused by the accumulation of mutations

answer

Most human cancers are _____.

question

initiates transcription

answer

The p53 protein _____.

question

tobacco

answer

In humans, most cancers are caused by _____.

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