question

In the late nineteenth century, industry in the United States

answer

saw the federal government eager to assist in its growth

question

Who among the following began to develop an oil empire by taking control of competing oil companies in Ohio?

answer

John D. Rockefeller

question

Prior to the Civil War, the steel industry in the United States

answer

barely developed at all

question

The process of making steel developed by Henry Bessemer

answer

all of these answers are correct

question

In the United States, the steel industry first emerged in

answer

Pennsylvania and Ohio

question

All of the following cities became important centers for steel production EXCEPT

answer

Atlanta

question

The first significant oil production in the United States occurred in

answer

Pennsylvania

question

In the 1870's, the "internal combustion engine" was developed in

answer

Europe

question

Orville and Wilbur Wright's first successful airplane flight in 1903

answer

took place near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

question

A key to Henry Ford's success in mass production of automobiles was

answer

the use of interchangeable parts

question

In 1929, the base price of a Ford Model T was

answer

$630

question

During the late nineteenth century, the growth of large corporations was helped

answer

All of these answers are correct

question

The business structure of Carnegie Steel was a good example of

answer

vertical integration

question

The business structure of Standard Oil was a good example of

answer

vertical and horizontal integration

question

The social theory of Social Darwinism

answer

promoted the idea that capitalism offered all people a chance for great wealth

question

In 1900, in regards to work conditions in American factories,

answer

laborers could expect to work at least sixty hours a week

question

During the late nineteenth century, child labor in the United States

answer

increased significantly

question

Molly Maguires were a militant

answer

labor union in the coal industry

question

At its height in 1886, the Knights of Labor were led by

answer

Terence V. Powderly

question

Samuel Gompers was the leader of the

answer

American Federation of Labor

question

In what industry did the Homestead Strike of 1892 occur

answer

steel

question

The Haymarket Square Riot of 1894

answer

resulted in a strike at the McCormick Harvester Company

question

The Pullman Strike of 1894 began when George Pullman, owner of the company,

answer

cut wages by twenty-five percent due to a slumping economy

question

The Pullman Strike of 1894

answer

saw the president of the United States order federal troops to break the strike

question

Of the choices below, a voter's party identification in the nineteenth century was usually a reflection of

answer

cultural background

question

The political battles between Stalwarts and Half-Breeds constituted a fight

answer

between traditionalists and reformers

question

In the election of 1884, "Mugwumps" were

answer

unhappy Republicans who threatened to vote for the Democrats

question

The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

answer

was used by the federal government against labor unions

question

The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

answer

All of these answers are correct

question

In the late nineteenth century, the Granger laws supported the interests of

answer

farmers

question

In the 1890's, Populism appealed to

answer

small-scale farmers

question

In the late nineteenth century, American Populism

answer

favored the direct election of United States senators

question

In the 1890's, farmers favored the federal government's coinage of silver because

answer

it would result in an inflation of currency

question

The "Cross of Gold" speech in was given in 1896 by

answer

William Jennings Bryan

question

The "Cross of Gold" speech appealed primarily to

answer

farmers

question

Describe how the state and federal governments played significant roles in promoting business interests.

answer

Federal: Imposed protective tariffs Pacific Railroad Act- loans and land given to railroad companies (Encouraging) Homestead Act in 1862- Settlement in the west, a national market was created Public Land Office- sold as little as $2.50 an acre for mineral-rich land Federal govt adopted a loose immigration policy that, by providing more laborers, greatly increased production and demand in the domestic market. Govt also encouraged capital investment by leaving large-scale businesses virtually untaxed (Trickle-Down Theory) Foreign capital investments helped stimulate the creation of new industries and businesses States: Southern states converted to industries such as steel and lumber in major cities such as Birmingham, Alabama, and Memphis, Tennessee New South ideology- more focused on industry rather than on agriculture

question

Support this statement: this period witnessed the rise of the corporation

answer

Regulating production (Clearance Rack) Create stable markets (Business Cycle: expansion (employment and purchasing: ^) > peak > contraction (employment and investments down) > trough Setting prices and wages New technological developments such as the steam engine, conveyor belt, and better construction materials (steel) A huge labor force of men, women, and children Large scale factories and production centers An enormous amount of capital

question

Describe how proponents and opponents of the government in assisting laissez-faire capitalism offered numerous justifications for their positions.

answer

Social Darwinism: Herbert Spencer and popularized in the United States by Yale University's William Graham Sumner. it applied Darwin's Theory of Evolution and natural selection to society and the business sector Horatio Alger: rags-to-riches stories helped some overcome poverty and result in financial success and social status. His fictional characters such as Mark the Matchstick Boy, became an inspiration to young men pursuing the American Dream. Russell Conwell: for those who were poor and could see no way out of their predicament, Conwell's "Acres of Diamonds" sermon was deflating. "It is your duty to get rich. It is wrong to be poor." Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth": It is the duty of the wealthy to contribute to society the wealth they have accrued through philanthropic programs. Journalists: Edward Bellamy, Henry George, and Henry D. Lloyd wrote articles critical of big business's "unethical" practices and monopolistic tendencies. Small Producers: Such as farmers complained of artificially inflated shipping rates that drove their costs and increased commodity prices. Small businessmen complained that their powerful competitors engaged in unfair labor practices, which drove them out of business Consumers: Demanded probing investigations into the ways that corporations used their control of the market to charged exorbitant prices. Social Reformers: Established social settlement houses. (Immigrants) Radicals and Revolutionaries: Such as anarchists, socialists (led by Eugene Debs), and Marxists maintained that capitalism was inherently exploitative and must be replaced by a more human economic system.

question

Explain how the U.S. economy expanded enormously during the late 19th century, easily surpassing European industrial nations.

answer

Between 1869-1913 the GNP rose by 56% Between 1860-1900 wheat and corn production, spurred by the new tech. and agricultural machinery, grew by 200% Bituminous coal production increased 2,000% (Steamboats) Petroleum production increased over 9,000% Steel production increased over 10,000% (Railroads and Skyscrapers) Over 150,000 miles of new track laid between 1865-1895 (South and West)

question

Describe how representing different objectives and memberships, labor unions formed, and major strikes occurred in the period.

answer

National Labor Union (NLU): First trade union to organize workers regardless of their race and gender, whether they were skilled or unskilled. Some of its goals were more modest (higher wages, eight hour workday) than others (gender and racial equality) It was able to win the eight hour workday for federal employees Knights of Labor: 1869 led by Terence Powderly Favored racial and gender equality, Powderly favored arbitration rather than strike. Membership peaked out at nearly three-quarters of a million members before its star faded in the wake of the Haymarket Riots in 1886. American Federation of Labor (AFL): Led by Samuel Gompers, was open exclusively to skilled workers. Gompers used the power of membership, one million members at the turn of the century, to win concessions from management. Industrial workers of the World (IWW)- The Wobblies Sought ownership of the means of the production to the working class rather than better wages and working hours. Led by a colorful figure, "Big Bill" Haywood Railroad Strike of 1877: Employees struck when the company lowered their wages. Turned violent, President Hayes used the U.S Army to suppress the strike. Haymarket Square (Chicago) Riot of 1886: Protest the treatment of works at the nearby McCormick Harvester factory. Used police and a bomb was thrown by one of the workers on strike, killed many police that were trying to stop the strike. The Homestead (Pennsylvania) Strike of 1892: Carnegie Steel Company cut workers wages. Strikers opened fire on Pinkerton's, killing several, state militia was called in. The Pullman Strike of 1894: Workers had their wages cut during the depression to ensure that stockholders dividends remained high at the Pullman Palace Car Company Led by American Railway Union and its leader, Eugene Debs. Boycott established that affected railroad industry in the Midwest. Members of the Railway Managers Associate called for the government to intervene because of restriction on trade. Boycott ended when President Cleveland sent troops to make sure they didn't interfere with train delivery of the U.S. mail.

question

Describe how the Supreme Court handed down decisions that for the most part favored business by controlling unions and undoing legislation that would interfere with capital accumulation

answer

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act: any combination or condition which is in restraint of trade is illegal. United States v. E. C. Knight Company: After purchasing competitor, the American Sugar Refining Company, the E.C. Company controlled 98% of the sugar refining industry. The Supreme Court argued that Knight was engaged in manufacturing sugar and not in interstate commerce, it was regulated by state and not federal law.

question

Republican presidents dominated the postwar era and tended to support big business

answer

Republicans known as Do-Nothings because they were pro business Didn't want to interfere with businesses Hayes: Ended Reconstruction, Temperance supporter, limit Chinese immigration (language barriers) Garfield: assassinated, fought with Stalwarts and Half-breeds (Republican Congressmen), Mugwumps (unwilling to join), Arthur: Military spending/supporter of stronger navy, opposition to a high protective tariff = cost him his party's renomination as president in 1884. Harrison: lowering a tariff would wreck business prosperity and lead to mass unemployment, didn't get popular vote, but got more electoral votes, Congress takes over, domestic and foreign affairs problems. Congress is #1, the business/industrialists is #2, people are #3. Democrats were still weakened due to post Civil War outcomes concerning the limitations placed on the Democrats The Republican Party and the general population had to choose many different Republican candidates as a result of non-powerful Democrats

question

The Grange, Farmer's Alliances, and Populists emerged to contest big business's control over the market place.

answer

Grange: (National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry) numerous farms being foreclosed on by banks, created to educate its members about new developments in agriculture and to create a social and cultural bond among its members. Control Railroads Grain elevator prices, easily perishable products Short haul: can be completed in a day Long haul: more than one day Interstate Commerce Act passed by Congress, Interstate Commerce Commission: Great Depression Populist Party: Founded by Mary Elizabeth Lease, used inspiration and resentment of big businesses to have farmers not stand idly by, thus the Populist Party was created. Farmer's Alliances: many alliances of farmers to protect agrarian interests and ensure they can survive and prosper while providing crops for the nation.

question

The Populists were a diverse coalition that sought to confront a wide variety of urban and rural problems

answer

Omaha Platform: Government should own major utilities (Socialism) Single term Presidents (Dominated by Republicans) Direct election of U.S. Senators (Successful) Immigration should be limited (More jobs for US) (increase wages) Free and unlimited coinage of silver Fixed income tax should be replaced with a graduated income tax All excess lands granted to the railroads should be returned to public ownership Use of the referendum to allow voters on government legislation

question

The Populist and the Democratic Party fused in the late nineteenth century.

answer

Similar platforms and ideals Nominated William Jennings Bryan for President and Tom Watson as Vice-President Had already fused on local and state levels Many opposed a "fusion" ticket 1896 election is when the Populists ceased to exist as a national political party

Chapter 10/11 Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards