Chapter 10 Pharm 220 – Flashcards
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS):
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collection of opportunistic infections and cancers that occurs when the immune system is severely depressed by a decrease in the number of functioning helper T cells; caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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AIDS-related complex (ARC):
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collection of less serious opportunistic infections with HIV infection; the decrease in
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cytomegalovirus (CMV):
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DNA virus that accounts for many respiratory, ophthalmic, and liver infections
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fusion inhibitor:
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a drug that prevents the fusion of the HIV-1 virus with the human cellular membrane, preventing it from entering the cell
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helper T cell:
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human lymphocyte that helps to initiate immune reactions in response to tissue invasion
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hepatitis B:
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a serious to potentially fatal viral infection of the liver, transmitted by body fluids
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herpes
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DNA virus that accounts for many diseases, including shingles, cold sores, genital herpes, and encephalitis
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human immunodeficiency virus (HIV):
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retrovirus that attacks helper T cells, leading to a decrease in immune function and AIDS or ARC
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influenza A:
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RNA virus that invades tissues of the respiratory tract, causing the signs and symptoms of the common cold or "flu"
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integrase inhibitor:
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integrase inhibitor: a drug that inhibits the activity of the virus-specific enzyme integrase, an encoded enzyme needed for viral replication, blocking this enzyme prevents the formation of the HIV-1 provirus
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interferon:
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tissue hormone that is released in response to viral invasion; blocks viral replication
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nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors:
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prevents the transfer of information that allows the virus to replicate and survive
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nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors:
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drugs that prevent the growth of the viral DNA chain
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protease inhibitors:
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- drugs that block the activity of the enzyme protease in HIV - protease is essential for the maturation of infectious virus - its absence leads to the formation of an immature and noninfective HIV particle
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virus:
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particle of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat that survives by invading a cell to alter its functioning
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What are viruses?
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Viruses are segments of RNA or DNA enclosed in a protein coat that must enter a human cell to survive, making it difficult to treat without serious toxic effects for the host.
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What can Anti-viral Drugs prevent?
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Antiviral drugs that prevent the viral replication of respiratory viruses can be used to prevent or treat influenza A or other respiratory viruses.
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Drugs that interfere with viral DNA replication are used to treat?
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herpes infections and CMV infections.
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What are antiviral drugs are associated with?
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GI upset and nausea, confusion, insomnia, and dizziness
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What does cells does the HIV virus infect?
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The HIV virus infects helper T cells, leading to a loss of immune function and the development of opportunistic infections.
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How are HIV drugs used?
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Drugs used to treat HIV usually are given in combination to affect the virus at various points in the body.
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nonnucleoside and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
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(Given in combination) block RNA and DNA activity in the cell
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What do protease inhibitors prevent?
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(Given in combination) maturation of the virus;
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What do fusion inhibitors prevent?
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(Given in combination) prevent the entry of the virus into the cell;
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What do CCR5 coreceptor antagonists prevent?
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prevent the virus from reacting with the receptor on the cell membrane, preventing its entry into the cell
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What do integrase inhibitors block?
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an enzyme essential for formation of the provirus within the cell, leading to decrease in the number of viruses.
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What is Hepatitis B?
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a serious-to-potentially fatal viral infection of the liver spread by blood or blood products, sexual contact, or contaminated needles or instruments.
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Hepatitis B Fact:
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Hepatitis B has a higher mortality than other types of hepatitis.
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Why is Prevention of Hepatitis B so important?
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Prevention of infection through use of hepatitis B vaccines and avoiding exposure is essential in stopping the spread of this disease.
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How is Hepatitis B treated?
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Hepatitis B used to be treated only with interferons and rest. Entecavir, adefovir, and telbivudine are antivirals now available for the treatment of hepatitis B.
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What is important to know regarding topical antivirals?
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Topical antivirals should not be applied to open wounds; local reactions can occur with administration.
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Influenza A and respiratory viruses cause?
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Influenza A and respiratory viruses cause the signs and symptoms of the common cold or "flu."
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Herpes viruses and CMV are DNA viruses that cause a multitude of problems including?
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cold sores, encephalitis, infections of the eye and liver, and genital herpes.
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Why are Helper T cells important?
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- Helper T cells are essential for maintaining a vigilant, effective immune system. - When these cells are decreased in number or effectiveness, opportunistic infections occur.
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What are AIDS and ARC?
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AIDS and ARC are syndromes of opportunistic infections that occur when the immune system is depressed.
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What cells does HIV attack?
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HIV, which specifically attacks helper T cells, may remain dormant in T cells for long periods and has been known to mutate easily.
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Recently three drugs have been approved to treat hepatitis B infection, What are they?
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adefovir, entecavir, and telbivudine.
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In assessing a patient, a viral cause might be suspected if the patient was diagnosed with a. tuberculosis. b. leprosy. c. the common cold. d. gonorrhea.
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c. the common cold.
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Virus infections have proved difficult to treat because they a. have a protein coat. b. inject themselves into human cells to survive and to reproduce. c. are bits of RNA or DNA. d. easily resist drug therapy.
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b. inject themselves into human cells to survive and to reproduce.
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Naturally occurring substances that are released in the body in response to viral invasion are called a. antibodies. b. immunoglobulins. c. interferons. d. interleukins.
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c. interferons.
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Herpes viruses cause a broad range of conditions but have not been identified as the causative agent in a. cold sores. b. shingles. c. genital infections. d. leprosy.
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d. leprosy.
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Which of the following would be an important teaching point for the patient receiving an agent to treat herpes virus or CMV? a. Stop taking the drug as soon as the lesions have disappeared. b. Sexual intercourse is fine—as long as you are taking the drug, you are not contagious. c. Drink plenty of fluids to decrease the drug's toxic effects on the kidneys. d. There are few if any associated GI adverse effects.
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c. Drink plenty of fluids to decrease the drug's toxic effects on the kidneys.
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HIV selectively enters which of the following cells: a. B clones. b. helper T cells. c. suppressor T cells. d. cytotoxic T cells.
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b. helper T cells.
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Nursing interventions for the patient receiving antiviral drugs for the treatment of HIV probably would include a. monitoring renal and hepatic function periodically during therapy. b. administering the drugs just once a day to increase drug effectiveness. c. encouraging the patient to avoid eating if GI upset is severe. d. stopping the drugs and notifying the prescriber if severe rash occurs.
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a. monitoring renal and hepatic function periodically during therapy.
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Locally active antiviral agents can be used to treat a. HIV infection. b. warts. c. RSV. d. CMV systemic infections.
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b. warts
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Select all that apply. 1. When explaining to a client the reasoning behind using combination therapy in the treatment of HIV, the nurse would include which of the following points? a. The virus can remain dormant within the T cell for a very long time; they can mutate while in the T cell. b. Adverse effects of many of the drugs used to treat this virus include immunosuppression, so the disease could become worse c. The drugs are cheaper if used in combination. d. The virus slowly mutates with each generation. e. Attacking the virus at many points in its life cycle has been shown to be most effective. f. Research has shown that using only one type of drug that targeted only one point in the virus life cycle led to more mutations and more difficulty in controlling the disease.
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a. The virus can remain dormant within the T cell for a very long time; they can mutate while in the T cell. d. The virus slowly mutates with each generation. e. Attacking the virus at many points in its life cycle has been shown to be most effective. f. Research has shown that using only one type of drug that targeted only one point in the virus life cycle led to more mutations and more difficulty in controlling the disease.
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Appropriate nursing diagnoses related to the drug therapy for a patient receiving combination antiviral therapy for the treatment of HIV infection would include the following: a. Disturbed Sensory Perception (Kinesthetic) related to the CNS effects of the drugs. b. Imbalanced Nutrition: More Than Body Requirements related to appetite stimulation. c. Heart Failure related to cardiac effects of the drugs. d. Adrenal Insufficiency related to endocrine effects of the drugs. e. Acute Pain related to GI, CNS, or dermatological effects of the drugs. f. Deficient Knowledge regarding drug therapy.
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a. Disturbed Sensory Perception (Kinesthetic) related to the CNS effects of the drugs. e. Acute Pain related to GI, CNS, or dermatological effects of the drugs. f. Deficient Knowledge regarding drug therapy.
