Chapter 10: Language and Motivation to Learn – Flashcards
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The decline in acheivement during adolescene is likely the result of individuals at this age
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viewing strengths and weaknesses more realistically and a loss in expectancies of success
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The main role of the arcuate fasciculus is to help produce
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speech
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Individuals who believe that abilities and talents are malleable have a ____
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growth mindset
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The typical first-grader would begin school with a vocabulary of around ____ words
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10,000
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When talking to their two-year-old, Steve and Eve typically use short, simple sentences, lots of repetition, and high-pitches voices. This sort of speech is known as
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child-directed speech
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A "coo" is best defined as a ___ sound
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vowel-like
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Which word consists of three morphemes?
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Previewing
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During the ____ phase of reading, children first learn the shapes and sounds of letters.
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alphabetic phase
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A vocabulary dominated by phrases of words like ____ would indicate that a child is using an expressive style of language acquisition
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"I like cake; watch TV; I am two"
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A child who understands the idea of past tense, but says words like "wanted," is engaging in ____
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overregularization
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Individuals with high levels of mastery motivation ___challenges and ___ in the face of failure
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thrive on; persist
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Catherine Snow and associates' study of Dutch-speaking children who watched a great deal of German television demonstrated that
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to learn a language, children must be actively involved with the language
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Older adults experience all of the following changes EXCEPT
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their knowledge of grammar decreases (semantics increase, use less complex sentences, refine pragmatic use)
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Which statement about the language acquisition device is FALSE
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It determines the language an infant speaks (helps children learn specific languages, involves specific area of brain, activated by exposure to language)
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When describing his ideas on language acquisition, Harlan says "I believe that humans have a natural biological predisposition toward language and that the environment that the child is raised in also impacts the development of language skills." Given this description, Harlan appears to hold an ____ perspective concerning the acquisition of language.
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interactionist
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Prosody involves ___ sounds are produced
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how
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Which statement best illustrates metaliguistic awareness?
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Becoming less egocentric and then becoming better able to understand the meaning of selfishness
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Acquiring phonological awareness allows a child to segment a spoken work into sounds or phonemes
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True
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Lower academic performance in African-American teens has been linked to
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negative peer-pressure
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Mastery motivation tends to be found in children whose parents
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provide sensory stimulation and the opportunity for the child to see that children can control their environment
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A "babble" is best defines as a ___ sound
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consonant-plus-vowel
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Hamid has just acquired the ability to "sound out" a word. This means that when he sees the word "bend" for the first time, he is able to decode it as "b" plus "e" plus "n" plus "d" and say "bend." Hamid's newfound ability indicates that he has acquired ____ awareness.
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phonological
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"Low ability" students with a mastery goal
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persist and show little frustration despite failure
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When attempting to learn to play football, Farve has great difficulty in throwing the odd-shaped ball. After several bad passes, he decides that he has no talent for football and will never be any good at it. Farve's behavior provides an example of ___ goals.
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performance
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Which linguistic concept is best defined as an understanding as rules concerning the appropriate use of language in different social context?
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Pragmatics
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In which areas does there appear to be a sensitive period?
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First spoken, second spoken, and signed languages
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Children with a high level of ___ orientation are intrinsically motivated and tend to thrive on challenges, believing that their efforts will eventually pay off.
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mastery
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Jeff is a low achiever. After doing well on an exam, he is LEAST likely to say
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"I knew I was smart enough!"
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Underextension occurs when a child uses a
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word too narrowly
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Erin has a high level of mastery motivation. Given this fact, her most likely response to failing a test would be to
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believe that trying harder on the next test will lead to success
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Functional grammar emphasizes the ___ relations between words
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semantic
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When four-year-old Methuselah sees an elderly gentleman enter a store, he screams "Mommy, look at that old man who looks like he should be deal!" The fact that Methuselah does not yet realize that such statements are socially inappropriate indicates that he lacks a complete understanding of the ____ of language.
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Pragmatics
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The idea that the letters in printed words represent the sounds in spoken words in a systematic way is referred to as what?
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Alphabetic principle
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If you believe in mastery goals, then you believe that
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you can learn to get better at a task
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Which is the typical order of linguistic attainment (earliest to latest)
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coo, babble, word, holophrase
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Chomsky asserts that humans have an inborn mechanism for mastering language. He calls this the
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language acquisition device
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Applying language rules to cases in which the rule is not appropriate defines the concept of
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overregularization
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What are the basic units of sound that change the meaning of a word? (e.x. /b/ vs /p/)
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Phonemes
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Negative peer pressure may negatively impact the performance of African-American adolescence.
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True
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Carter has been diagnosed with aphasia. What symptoms is he most likely exhibiting?
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Difficulty in repeating a sentence he just heard.
