Chapter 10 – Forensic Serology – Flashcards
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DNA
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abbreviation for Deoxyribonucleic Acid - the molecules carrying the body's genetic information; DNA is double stranded in the shape of a double helix.
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Plasma
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The fluid portion of unclotted blood
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Erythrocyte
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A red blood cell.
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Serum
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The liquid that separates from the blood when a clot is formed.
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Antigen
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A substance, usually a protein, that stimulates the body to produce antibodies against it.
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Antibody
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A protein that destroys or inactivates a specific antigen; antibodies are found in the blood serum.
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Antiserum
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Blood serum that contains specific antibodies.
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Agglutination
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The clumping together of red blood cells by the action of an antibody.
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Polyclonal Antibodies
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Antibodies produced by injecting animals with a specific antigen; a series of antibodies are produced responding to a variety of different sites on the antigen.
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Monoclonal Antibodies
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A collection of identical antibodies that interact with a single antigen site.
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Hybridoma Cells
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Fused spleen and tumor cells; used to produce identical monoclonal antibodies in a limitless supply.
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Hemoglobin
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A red blood cell protein that transports oxygen in the bloodstream; it is responsible for the red color of blood.
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Luminol
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The most sensitive chemical test that is capable of presumptively detecting bloodstains diluted to as little as 1 in 100,000; its reaction with blood emits light and thus requires the result to be observed in a darkened area.
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Precipitin
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An antibody that reacts with its corresponding antigen to form a precipitate.
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Gene
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A unit of inheritance consisting of a DNA segment located on a chromosome.
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Chromosome
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a rodlike structure in the cell nuclueus, along which the genes are located; it is composed of DNA surrounded by other material, mainly proteins.
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Egg
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The female reproductive cell
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Sperm
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The Male reproductive cell
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Zygote
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The cell arising from the union of an egg and a sperm cell.
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X-Chromosome
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The Female sex chromosome.
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Y-Chromosome
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The Male sex chromosome
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Locus
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The physical location of a gene on a chromosome
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Allele
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Any of several alternative forms of a gene located at the same point on a particular pair of chromosomes; for example, the genes determining the blood types A and B are alleles.
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Homozygous
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Having two identical alletic genes on two corresponding positions of a pair of chromosomes.
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Heterozygous
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Having two different alletic genes on two corresponding positions of a pair of chromosomes.
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Genotype
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The particular combination of genes present in the cells of an individual.
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Phenotype
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The physical manifestation of a genetic trait such as shape, color, and blood type.
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Acid Phosphatase
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An enzyme found in high concentration in semen.
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Oligospermia
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An abnormally low sperm count
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Aspermia
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The absence of sperm; sterility in males.
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Type
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Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood can be classified by its ________.
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True
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T/F: No two individuals, except for identical twins, can be expected to have the same combination of blood types or antigens ________.
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Plasma
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_____ is the fluid portion of unclotted blood.
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Serum
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The liquid that separates from the blood when a clot is formed is called ______.
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Red Blood Cells
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_______ Transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
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Antigens
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On the surface of red blood cells are chemical substances called ________, which impart blood type characteristics to the cells.
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A
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Type A individuals have _____ antigens on the surface of their red blood cells.
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Neither
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Type O individuals have _________, A and B Antigens on their red blood cells
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A and B
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The Presence or Absence of ____ and _____ antigens on the red blood cells determines a person's blood type in the A-B-O System.
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Rh
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The D antigen is also known as the ____ antigen.
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Antibodies
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Serum contains proteins known as ____, which destroy or inactivate antigens.
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Only a Specific
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An antibody reacts with ______ antigen.
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True
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T/F: Agglutination describes the clumping together of red blood cells by the action of an antibody.
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B and A
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Type B blood contains ______ antigens and anti-____ antibodies.
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Neither anti A nor anti B
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Type AB Blood has ____________ nor _________ antigens.
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Antibodies
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A drug-protein complex can be injected into an animal to form specific _______ for that drug.
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Serology
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The term _______ describes the study of antigen-antibody reactions.
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Is
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Type AB blood (is/is not) agglutinated by both Anti-A and Anti-B serum.
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A
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Type B red blood cells agglutinate when added to type ___ blood.
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O
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Type A red blood cells agglutinate when added to type ____ blood.
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radioimmunoassay or enzyme-multiplied immuno-assay technique (EMIT)
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An immunological assay technique used to detect the presence of minute quanities of drugs in blood and urine is ______.
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42
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The distribution of type A blood in the United States is approximately ____ %.
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3
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The distibution of type AB blood in the United States is approximately ____%.
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All
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(all/most) Blood hemoglobin has peroxidase-like activity
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Benzidine
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For many years, the most commonly used color test for identifying blood was the _____ color test.
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Luminol
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_____ reagent reacts with blood, causing it to luminesce.
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Precipitin
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Blood can be characterized as being human origin by the _____ test.
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Can
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Antigens and antibodies (can/cannot) be induced to move toward each other under the influence of an electrical field.
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Monoclonal
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Antibodies designed to interact with a specific antigen site are (monoclonal/polyclonal)
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False
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T/F: Hybridoma cells are used to produce antigens designed to attack one and only one site on an antibody.
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Gene
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The basic unit of heredity is the _______.
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Chromosomes
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Genes are positioned on threadlike bodies called ______.
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23
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All nucleated cells in the human body, except the reproductive cells have ______ pairs of chromosomes.
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Father
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The sex of an offspring is always determined by the (mother/father)
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Alleles
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Genes that influence a given characteristic and are aligned with one another on a chromosome pair are known as _________.
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Homozygous
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When a pair of alletic genes is identical, the genes are said to be (homozygous/heterozygous)
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Phenotype
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A (phenotype/genotype) is an observable characteristic of an individual.
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Genotype
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The combination of genes present in the cells of an individual is call the ______.
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WIll
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A gene (will/will not) appear in a child when it is present in one of the parents.
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BB/BO
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A Type B individual may have the genotype _____ or the genotype _____.
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AA;BB;AB
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A type AB mother and type AB father will have offspring of what possible genotypes?
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A;B;AB
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A type AB mother and type AB father will have offspring of what possible phenotypes?
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Acid Phosphatase
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The _____ color test is used to locate and characterize seminal stains.
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Spermatozoa
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Semen is unequivocally identified by the microscopic appearance of ________.
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Oligospermia
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Males with a low sperm count have a condition known as as _______.
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P30
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The protein _______ is unique to seminal plasma.
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True
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T/F: DNA may be transferred to an object through the medium of perspiration.
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True
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T/F: Seminal constituents may remain in the vagina for up to six days after intercourse.
