Chapter 10 AP World History – Flashcards
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Augustine of Hippo
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(Roman Catholic Church) one of the great fathers of the early Christian church
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Black Death
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the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe
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Charles Martel
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Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.
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Clovis
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king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy
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Cluny
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A new French monastery where monks strictly followed Benedictine rule.
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition
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Fourth Crusade
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a Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem
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Holy Roman Empire
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the lands ruled by Charlemagne
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Hundred Years War
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Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. (p. 413)
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Magna Carta
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This document was signed by King John in 1215. It was the first document that limited the power of the government.
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Manorialism
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Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.
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Middle Ages
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The historical period from around 500 A.D. up to around 1450 A.D. between the fall of Rome and the birth of the Renaissance
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Peter Abelard
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French philosopher and theologian
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Raoul de Cambrai
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A french knight pillaged a convent, raped the nuns and burned them alive.
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Scholasticism
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the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe
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Thomas Aquinas
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Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology
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Three-field System
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A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.
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William the Conqueror
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duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England
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Ibn- Rushd
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Spanish-Arab philosopher; also known as Averroes; influenced by Aristotle, his best known writings explore the relationship between reason and faith
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Feudalism
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a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service
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Charlemagne
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King of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of leterature and learning
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Benedict of Nursia
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Italian monk who created a set of rules for Western monasteries in the 6th century
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Pope Gregory VII
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reformed a lot and determined to challenge secular authority. He caused a lot of conflict and was admired by many and hated by many. He banned lay investiture, which angered Henry IV
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First Crusade
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(1096 - 1099) Crusade called by Pope Urban II which captured Jerusalem. (only militarily successful Crusade)
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Francis of Assisi
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Italian monk who founded the Franciscan order; he devoted his life to serving the poor and sick.
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Crusades
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1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid they Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade
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Pope Urban II
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Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades
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Parliaments
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Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the feudal principle that rulers should consult their vassals.
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Serfs
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men of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection
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Gothic
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a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries
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Brevard of Clairvaux
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...
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Geoffrey Chaucer
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English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)
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Hanseatic League
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a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas
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Guilds
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Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests
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Three Estates
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The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders.
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Investiture
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controversy Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.
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Roger Bacon
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English scientist and Franciscan monk who stressed the importance of experimentation
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Vassals
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members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty
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Roman Catholic Church
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the Christian church headed by the pope in Rome
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Carolingians
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Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century.
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Beowulf
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the legendary hero of an anonymous Old English epic poem composed in the early 8th century
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Third Crusade
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a Crusade from 1189 to 1192 led by Richard I and the king of France that failed because an army torn by dissensions and fighting on foreign soil could not succeed against forces united by religious zeal
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Pope
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Head of the Roman Catholic Church
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Battle of Tours
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732 AD Christians defeat Muslim invaders and stop the spread of Islam into Europe
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Moldboard
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Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system.
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Vikings
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Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries.
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Songs of Roland
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an epic about praise for Charlemagne
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Romanesque
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Style of church architecture using round arches, domes, thick walls, and small windows
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Chivalry
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a code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle
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Romance of the Rose
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Poem written by Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung during the 13th century; details the ideas of courtly love.
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Franks
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group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis
