Test Answers on Chapter 1 intro – Flashcards
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A psychologist determines that children who are exposed to violent television are more likely to be physically aggressive in the future than children who are not exposed to violent television. This psychologist has met the goal of:
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prediction
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The goal of psychology that is most concerned with using psychological knowledge to help bring about desirable behavioral outcomes is
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control / Influence
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An early school of psychology that was concerned with how humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their envoirment
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functionalism
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The idea that human behavior is influenced by (unconscious!!) forces that are outside of a person's awareness (particularly sexual and aggressive forces) is advocated by which area of psychology
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psychoanalysis (childhood experiences)
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A researcher who believes that all humans are innately good and have free will is concerned with assessing the factors that lead a person to develop to their fullest potential. This researcher is most likely what type of psychologist?
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humanist (seeing something in a different way)
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The field of psychology that believes that human experience CANNOT be studied appropriately by breaking down the experience into its smaller component parts is called
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Gestalt (see something in a whole, wit small things)
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When psychologists carry out research, they should do all of the following to ensure the integrity of their results EXCEPT
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Search for information in favor of their hypothesis
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One criticism of many research methods, such as experiments, is their artificiality in trying to capture behavior as it might occur in the real world. One method that can be used to overcome this by recording behavior as it occurs in real time is called
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Naturalistic observation
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A researcher is interested in studying the effects of music on academic performance in college students in the United States. To make sure that the researcher gets a representative sample of the population she wants to study, she must:
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engage in random sampling
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Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the strongest relationship between levels of stress and likelihood of cancer?
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-.90 (p. 21)
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The only research method that can be used to draw a cause and effect relationship between two variables is:
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Experiment (p. 23)
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Which provides a baseline measure of behavior for comparing whether or not the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable?
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A control group (p. 25)
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A researcher examines the effects of marijuana on cognitive functioning. He assigns adults who receive less than 5 hours of sleep per night to the experimental condition, and adults who receive 8 hours of sleep or more per night to the control condition, and concludes that marijuana does lower cognitive functioning. Sleep is
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A confounding variable (p. 26)
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A double blind study is one in which:
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both the researcher and experimenter do not know to which group the subject has been assigned. (p.26)
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All of the following are ethical guidelines set forth by the American Psychological Association EXCEPT
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The importance of research findings outweighs any potential harm to a handful of subjects (p. 29)
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People usually fall in love with someone very different from themselves. In other words, opposites attract
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false
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People with one eye still can see in three dimensions.
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true
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It is an optical illusion when the moon appears larger on the horizon than it does when it is overhead.
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true
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Homosexuality is a mental disorder
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false
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Hypnosis can help people to accurately recall a crime scene
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false
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Blind people have more sensitive senses of hearing and touch
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false
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Psychology is a science
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true
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psychology
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study of behavior and mental emotions
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What are the goals of psychology?
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Describe, Explain, Predict, Change
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What are the 7 steps in psychology?
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Observe, Research, Hypothesis, create testable study, conduct, results, conclusion
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What are the 4 Descriptive researches?
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Naturalistic Observation, Law Observation, Case Study, Population/Sample
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What are the 2 Experimental Methods?
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IV/DV Control, experimental bias
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What are the Ethics in research?
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Animal use, children, drugs
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What are the 4 D's?
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Dysfunction, Danger, Distress, Deviance
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What are the five features of idiographic?
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Culture, Religion, Background, Environment, Media
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scientific method
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systematic procedures that researchers follow as they identify research problem, design a study to investigate the problem, collect and analyze data, draw conclusions, and communicate their findings.
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theory
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A general principle or set of principles proposed to explain how a number of separate facts are related
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hypothesis
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A prediction about a relationship between two or more variables
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What are the steps for scientific method?
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observe and theorize, formulate a hypothesis, design a study, collect data, apply results to the hypothesis
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replication
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the process of repeating a study with different participants and preferably a different investigator to verify research findings
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description
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describe behavior or mental process as accurately as possible
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Explanation (Explain)
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Suggest causes for behavior or mental processes of interest
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Prediction
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Specify conditions under which behavior or mental process is likely to occur
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Influence (Change)
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Apply the results of a study to change a condition in order to bring about a desired real-world outcome or prevent an undesired real-world outcome
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Who were the first three to systematically study behavior and mental processes?
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Ernst Weber, Gustav Fechner, Hermann von Helmholts
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basic research
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Research conducted to seek new knowledge and to explore and advance general scientific understanding
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applied research
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Research conducted specifically to solve practical problems and improve the quality of life
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structuralism
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the first formal school of thought in psychology , which endeavored to analyze the basic elements, or structure, of conscious mental experience
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Applied research addresses the ________ goal
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Influence
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The four goals of psychology are___________
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describe,explain, predict, influence(change)
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__________ is the process of repeating a study to determine whether the results were reliable
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replication
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The orderly, systematic procedures scientists follow in acquiring a body of knowledge comprise the ____________
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scientific method
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behaviorism
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the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson that views observable, measurable,behavior as the the appropriate subject matter for psychology and emphasizes the key role of environment as a determinant of behavior
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Humanistic Psychology
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the school of psychology that focuses on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice, growth, and psychology health
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cognitive psychology
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the school of psychology that views humans as active participants in their environment; studies mental processes such as memory, problem solving, reasoning, decision making, perception, and language
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information processing theory
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An approach to the study of mental structures and processes that uses the computer as a model for humans thinking
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evolutionary psychology
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the school of psychology that studies how humans have adapted the behaviors required for survival in the face of environmental pressures over the long course
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biological psychology
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the school of psychology that looks for links between specific behaviors and equally specific biological processes that often help explain individual differences
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Neuroscience
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An interdisciplinary field that combines the work of psychologists, biologists,biochemists, medical researchers, and others in the study of the structure and function of the nervous system
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sociocultural approach
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The view the social and cultural factors may be just as powerful as evolutionary and physiological factors in affecting behavior and mental processing and that these factors must be understood when interpreting the behavior of others
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psychological perspectives
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general points of view used for explaining people's behavior and thinking, whether normal or abnormal
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critical thinking
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the process of objectively evaluating claims, propostions, and conclusions to determine whether they follow logically from the evidence presented
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pseudoscience
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the distortion of theories, and / or research for the purpose of supporting some kind of claim
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descriptive research methods
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research methods that yield descriptions of behavior
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naturalistic observation
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A descriptive research method in which researchers observe and record behavior in its natural setting, without attempting to influence or control it
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Laboratory observation
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A descriptive research method in which behavior is studied in a laboratory setting, where researchers can exert more control and use more precise equipment to measure responses
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case study
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A descriptive research method in which a single person or a small number of individuals are studied in great depth, usually over an extended period of time
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survey
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A descriptive research method in which researches use interviews and / or questionnaires to gather information about the attitudes, beliefs, experiences, or behaviors of a group of people
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population
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the entire group of interest to researches, to which they wish to generalize their findings; the group from which a sample is selected
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sample
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A part of a population that is studied in order to reach conclusions about the entire population
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representative sample
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a sample that mirrors the population of interest interest; it includes important subgroups in the same proportions as they are found in that population
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correlational method
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A research method used to establish the degree of relationship between two characteristics, events, or behaviors
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correlation coefficient
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A numerical value that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables; ranges from +1.00 to -1.00
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experimental method
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the only research method that can be used to identify cause-effect relationships between two or more conditions or variables
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causal hypothesis
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A prediction about a cause effect relationship between two or more variables
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independent variable
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In an experiment, a factor or condition that is deliberately manipulated in order to determine whether it causes any changes in another behavior condition
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dependent variable
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the factor or condition that is measured at the end of an experiment and is presumed to vary as a result of the manipulations of the independent variables
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experimental group
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In an experiment, the group that is exposed to an independent variable
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control group
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In an experiment, group similar to the experimental group that is exposed to the same experimental environment but is not given the treatment; used for purposes of comparison
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selection bias
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The assignment of partcipants to experimental or control groups in such a way that systematic differences among the groups are present at the beginning of the experiment
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placebo
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An invert or harmless substance given to the control group in an experiment as a control for the placebo effect
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placebo effect
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the phenomenon that occurs in an experiment when a participant's response to a treatment is due to his or her expectations about the treatment rather than to the treatment itself
