Chapter 1 Human Anatomy And Physiology Pearson Answers – Flashcards
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Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy
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Large structures and easily observable
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Microscopic Anatomy
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Very small structures and can only be viewed with a micrscope
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Cytology
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Form of microscopic anatomy. Considers cells of body
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Histology
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Form of microscopic anatomy. Study of tissues.
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Levels of Structural Organisms
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Chemical Level, Cellular Level, Tissue Level, Organ Level, Organ System, Organismal System
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Tissues
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Groups of similar cells that have common function. For complex organisms
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Basic Tissue Types
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Epithelium, Muscle, Connective tissue, Nervous tissue
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Organ
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Discrete structure composed of 2+ types of tissues
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Necessary Living Fuctions
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Maintaining boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth
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Survival Needs
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Nutrients, Oxygen, Stable Body Temperature, Atmospheric Pressure, Water
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Homeostasis
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"Wisdom of the body"/ ability to maintain stable internal conditions/state of balance
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Chemical Level
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Atoms combine to form molecules
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Cellular Level
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Cells are made up of molecules
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Tissue Level
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For complex organisms, consist of similar types of cells
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Organ Level
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Made up of different types of tissues
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Organ System Level
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Different organs that work together for common purpose
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Organismal Level
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Highest level, sum of structural levels working together to promote life
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Integumentary System
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Forms external body covering, protects deep tissues from injury, site of feeling receptors, and sweat oil glands (hair,skin,nails)
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Skeletal System
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Protects and supports body organs, provides frameworks for muscles to cause movement, stores minerals (bones, joints)
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Metabolism
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broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
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Muscular System
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Allows manipulation of environment, facial expression, maintains posture, produces heat (skeletal muscles)
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Lymphatic System
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Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood; Maintains blood volume and pressure, immunity (red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes)
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Respiratory
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Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus)
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Digestive System
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Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foods are eliminated as feces (oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, anus)
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Nervous System
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fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands (brain, sensory receptor, spinal cord, nerves)
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Endocrine System
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Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells (pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis)
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Cardiovascular System
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Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood (blood vessels, heart)
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Urinary System
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Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood (Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra)
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Male Reproductive System
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Main function is to produce and deliver sperm (prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis, vas deferens, testis, scrotum)
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Female Reproductive System
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Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
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Sagittal Plane
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Divides body into left and right portion
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Midsagittal/Median Plane
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Sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
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Frontal/Coronal Plane
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Lies vertically, divides body into anterior and posterior parts
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Transverse/Horizontal Plane
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Runs horizontally dividing body into superior and interior parts
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Dorsal Body Cavity
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Protects nervous system organs and has 2 subdivisions; cranial cavity and vertebral/spinal cavity
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Cranial Cavity
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Subdivision of dorsal body cavity;in skull (encloses brain)
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Spinal Cavity
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Subdivision of dorsal body cavity (encloses spinal cord)
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Ventral Body Cavity
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anterior cavity has two subdivisions; thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
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Thoracic Cavity
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superior subdivision of ventral body cavity, surrounded by ribs and muscles of chest (contains the heart, lungs, trachea, thymus gland)
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Mediastinum
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subdivision of thoracic cavity, area between lungs; contains the pericardial cavity
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
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Subdivision of ventral body cavity; consist of abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity (contains digestive system, reproductive system, some urinary system organs)
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Abdominal Cavity
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Superior portion of abdominopelvic cavity contains stomach, intestines and
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Pelvic Cavity
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Inferior portion of abdominopelvic cavity lies in pelvis; contains reproductive organs, rectum and bladde
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Nasal
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Nose
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Cervical
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Neck
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Acromial
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point of shoulder
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Axillary
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armpit
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Brachial
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Arm
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Antecubital
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front of elbow
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Antebrachial
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forearm
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Carpal
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wrist
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Palmar
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Palm
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Digital
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fingers and toes
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Patellar
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anterior knee
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Crural
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leg
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Pedal
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foot
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Tarsal
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ankle
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Fibular/Peroneal
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side of leg
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Femoral
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thigh
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Inguinal
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groin
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Coxal
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hip
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Thoracic
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chest
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Sternal
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breastbone
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Mental
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chin
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Buccal
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cheek
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Orbital
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eye
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Frontal
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forehead
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Cephalic
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head
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Occipital
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back of head, base of skull
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Acromial
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point of shoulder
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Vertebral
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spinal column
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Scapular
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Shoulder blade
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Dorsum/ Dorsal
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Back
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Olecranal
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back of elbow
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Lumbar
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Loin; lower back side
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Sacral
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area between hips (from back)
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Gluteal
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buttocks
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Popliteal
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back of knee
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Sural
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calf
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Calcaneal
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heel
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Plantar
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sole
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what usually reacts quicker the nervous system or the endocrine system? why?
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The nervous system because its a direct link to the brain to send messages
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Physiology
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study of how the body and the parts work and function
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Anatomy
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Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
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Effectors
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Negative Feedback, Positive Feedback
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Complete process of homeostasis through the homeostatic control mechanism
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1. stimulus provides change in the environment 2. receptor detects change 3. message sent through afferent pathway to control center 4. message sent through efferent pathway from control center to effector 5. effecter sends response to increase, decrease, or stop initial stimulus
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Responsiveness
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necessary life function that is the ability to sense changes in the environment and to react to them; so if you cut your hand on glass, you will pull your hand back from the painful stimulus
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homeostasis
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the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even thought the outside world is continuously changing
