Chapter 1 – Educational Psychology: A Tool For Effective Teaching Answers – Flashcards
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Effective Teachers
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-Emphasize how to learn, rather than what to learn -Teach students how to read with genuine comprehension, shape an idea, master difficult material, and use writing to clarify thinking. -Include students in the process of teaching and learning
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Educational Psychology
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A branch of psychology that specializes in understanding teaching and learning in educational settings
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William James
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*1842-1910 Emphasized the importance of: -Observing teaching and learning in the classroom for improving education -Start lessons just beyond child's level of knowledge and understanding to stretch child's mind
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John Dewey
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*1859-1952 -Viewed the child as an active learner -Emphasized the child's adaptation to the environment -Pushed for competent education for all children -Established 1st major U.S. educational psychology lab
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E. L. Thorndike
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*1874-1949 -Initiated an emphasis on assessment and measurement of learning -Promoted the idea that educational psychology must have a scientific base and that measurement should be a central focus
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Leta Hollingworth
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*1916 -First to use the term gifted to describe students who scored exceptionally high on IQ tests
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George Sanchez
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*1932 -Researcher who demonstrated that intelligence tests were culturally biased against minority children.
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Mamie & Kenneth Clark
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*1939 -Pioneering researchers who studied African American children's self-conceptions and identity
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B. F. Skinner
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*1938 -Built on Thorndike's ideas and attempted to determine the best conditions for learning -Psychology as the science of observable behavior and controlling conditions -Programmed learning reinforcement after a series of steps until the student reaches a learning goal (1950s)
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The Cognitive Revolution
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-1950s Bloom's Taxonomy of Cognitive Skills -1980s Cognitive Psychology
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1950s Bloom's Taxonomy of Cognitive Skills
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Includes remembering, comprehending, synthesizing, and evaluating
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1980s Cognitive Psychology
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Includes memory, thinking, and reasoning to help students learn
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Teaching as an Art
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Teachers make important classroom judgments based on personal skills, experiences, and accumulated wisdom
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Where Does Educational Psychology Draw its Knowledge From
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-Broader theory and research in psychology -Theory and research created and conducted by educational psychologists and teacher's personal experiences
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Subject Matter Knowledge
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Exhibit subject matter competence (a teacher's comprehension of a subject compared to a specialist)
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Teaching Subject Matter Knowledge
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Implement appropriate instructional strategies - The most appealing manner in which you organize and present the content
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Teaching Knowledge
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How the basic principles and strategies of a subject are best acquires and retained
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Effective Teaching
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Model and communicate good thinking skills Setting high goals for themselves and students Plan for instruction Create developmentally appropriate instructional materials and activities Manage classrooms for optimal learning
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Qualities of an Effective Teacher
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-Have confidence in their own self-efficacy -Have a good attitude -Care about students -Invest time and effort -Bring a positive attitude and enthusiasm to the classroom
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Effective Teaching cont.
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-Use effective strategies to promote students' motivation to learn -Communicate well with students and parents -Pay more than lip service to individual variations -Work effectively with students from culturally diverse backgrounds -Have good assessment knowledge and skills -Integrate technology into the curriculum
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Characteristics of Best Teachers
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-Have a sense of humor... 79.2% -Make the class interesting... 73.7% -Have knowledge of their subjects... 70.1% -Explain things clearly... 66.2% -Spend time with their students... 65.8% -Are fair to their students... 61.8% -Treat students like adults... 54.4% -Relate well to students... 54.2% -Are considerate of students' feelings... 51.9% -Don't show favoritism toward students... 46.6%
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Characteristics of Worst Teachers
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-Are dull/have a boring class... 79.6% -Don't explain things clearly... 63.2% -Show favoritism towards students... 52.7% -Have a poor attitude... 49.8% -Expect too much from students... 49.1% -Don't relate to students... 46.2% -Give too much homework... 44.2% -Are too strict... 40.6% -Don't give help/individual attention... 40.5% -Lack control.... 39.9%
