Chapter 1 – "America; A Narrative History" – Flashcards
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Who discovered the "New World"?
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Christopher Columbus
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Who did archaeologists think were the first humans in the Western Hemisphere?
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Siberians, nomadic hunters.
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When and how did the Siberians reach the Western Hemisphere?
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12-15,000 years ago. They crossed the Bering Strait on a land bridge to Alaska.
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Where and why did the Siberians go after reaching Alaska?
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Southwards, looking for herds of animals to hunt.
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What happened in the 500 years after the Siberians reached the Western Hemisphere?
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They spread out over the hemisphere.
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What did recent archaeological studies actually say?
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That ancient humans may have arrived by sea 18-40,000 years ago from parts of Asia. Some by the Atlantic Ocean from SW Europe.
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What two elements of North America were the most significant upon arrival by the first humans?
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Extraordinary climate and environmental diversity.
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What allowed Indian societies to spread ideas and innovations?
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Extensive trading networks.
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How many languages were spoken by the natives in North America when Columbus arrived?
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Over 400.
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What killed off the larger mammals in North America? When did this occur?
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Climatic changes and extensive hunting. This happened thousands of years after the first humans arrived in North America.
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How did global warming affect these humans in North America?
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Global warming diminished grasslands and stimulated forest growth (provided small plants and animals for humans to eat).
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Which two animals were domesticated by the Indians?
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Dog and turkey.
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Name three adaptions made by the Indians to their new environments?
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Fiber snares, basketry, nut-grinding mills.
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A new cultural stage arrived with the introduction of what three "activities"?
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Farming, fishing, and pottery making.
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Which animals were hunted during this time?
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Deer, antelope, elk, moose, and caribou.
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What were the Indians of the Mexican highlands already doing by the year 5000 BC?
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Consuming plant foods that became the staples of the New World: corn, beans, squash, chili peppers, avocados, and pumpkins.
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When did permanent farming towns appear in Mexico?
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Between 2000 and 1500 BC?
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What did the more settled life provide time for? [Sports acronym]
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Cultivation of science, administration, warfare, crafts, art, religion. [SAWCAR]
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What happened from A.D 300 to 900?
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Middle America developed great city centers.
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What were the three elements of the great city centers in Middle America? What were these centers supported by?
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Gigantic pyramids, temples, and palaces. Supported by surrounding peasant villages.
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Using both mathematics and astronomy, what was created? Who created it?
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The Mayas created a calendar.
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When did the Mayan culture collapse? How? (3)
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A.D 900. They overused the rainforest that they depended on, overpopulation, and unrelenting civil wars.
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What did this deforestation lead to?
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Hillside erosion and a loss of farmland.
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Describe what happened in a Mayan war party.
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Destroyed the cities, took prisoners, sacrificed the prisoners to the gods.
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What was the concluding reason that Mayan society collapsed? When did this happen?
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The Toltecs conquered the region in the tenth century.
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What happened in A.D 1200?
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The Toltecs ceased warfare and "withdrew".
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Where did the Aztecs come from? What did they do?
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The Northwest. They gradually expanded their control over central Mexico.
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What happened in 1325?
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The Aztecs founded the city of TenochtitlĂĄn.
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What happened in 1519?
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The Spanish invaded.
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Who ruled the Aztec Empire in 1519? How many people were in the Aztec Empire?
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Montezuma II. 5-20 million people.
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What happened further south of the Aztecs?
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The Chibchas built a smaller empire, similar to the Aztec.
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Who lived further south of the Chibchas?
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The Quechuas.
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What is another name for the Quechuas?
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The Incas.
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Describe what the Quechuan empire looked like in the 15th century.
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Stretched 1,000 miles along the Andes Mountains (Ecuador to Chile).
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What government did the Quechuas live under?
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Autocratic.
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Which three identifiable civilizations were developed by the Indians of the present-day United States?
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Adena-Hopewell, Mississippian, and the Pueblo-Hohokam cultures.
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Adena-Hopewell: Region, time frame?
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Northeast. 800 B.C - A.D 600.
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Mississippian: Region, time frame?
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Southeast. A.D 600 - 1500.
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Pueblo-Hohokan: Region, time frame?
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Southwest. 400 B.C - Present.
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Which developed further? (Adena, Mississippian, Pueblo) V.S (Mayas, Aztecs, Incas)
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The Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas.
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Where was the Adena-Hopewell culture centered?
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Ohio River Valley.
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What did the AH culture leave behind? What does this suggest of the culture?
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Large earthworks and burial mounds. Suggests a complex social structure and a specialized division of labor.
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What did the AH Indians create that spanned the continent?
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An elaborate trade network.
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Where was the Mississippian culture centered?
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Mississippi River Valley.
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Which four elements of the Mississippian culture were similar to the Mayan and Aztec societies?
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Agriculture, Towns built around central plazas, temple mounds, and death cults.
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What did the temple mounds of the Mississippian culture vaguely resemble?
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Pyramids.
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What did the death cults of the Mississippian culture often involve?
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Human torture and sacrifice.
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What three systems did the Mississippian culture create?
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Specialized labor force, effective government, and an extensive trading network.
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What did the people of the Mississippian culture worship?
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The sun.
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When did the Mississippian culture peak?
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In the 14th and 15th centuries.
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How did the Mississippian culture succumb?
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To diseases transmitted from Europe.
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Which cultures did the Southwest host?
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Irrigation-based cultures.
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Which culture of the Southwest is the best known and most widespread?
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The Anasazi.
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What does "Anasazi" mean in the Navajo language?
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"enemy's ancestors".
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Where did the Anasazi culture develop?
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In the "four corners" where Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado meet.
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Where did the Anasazis live?
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In baked-mud adobe structures that were built four or five stories high.
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Which two cultures had a rigid class structure?
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Mesoamerican and Mississippian cultures.
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How did the Anasazi differ from the Mesoamerican and Mississippian cultures?
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It lacked a rigid class structure.
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When did the Anasazis engage in warfare?
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Only as a means of self-defense.
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Did the religious leaders and warriors of the Anasazi have to labor too?
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Yes. They worked as the rest of the people did.
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What does "Hopi" mean?
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"Peaceful people".
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What is there little evidence of in the Anasazi culture?
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Human sacrifice or human trophies.
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What shaped Anasazi culture and eventually caused its demise?
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Environmental factors.
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What two things began to restrict the territory of the Anasazis? When did this happen?
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End of the 13th century. Lengthy drought and the pressure of new arrivals from the north.
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Who were the new arrivals from the north?
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The Navajos and Apaches.
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Who were the next to come to this area and when?
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Two centuries later the Spaniards came from the south.
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When did Norse expeditions to the New World first begin?
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During the 10th and 11th centuries.
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Who came in A.D 985?
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An Icelander names Erik the Red.
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Who was Erik the Red? What did he do?
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The New World's first real-estate booster. He colonized the west coast of what he called "Greenland".
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Why did the Norse settlers leave the New World?
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Hostile natives.
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When did the Greenland colonies vanish mysteriously?
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The 15th century.
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What is Helluland now?
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Baffin Island.
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What is Markland now?
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Labrador.
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What is Vinland now?
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Newfoundland.
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Who discovered Helluland, Markland, and Vinland and when?
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Leif Eriksson (son of Erik the Red) in A.D 1001.
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What did the Europeans do during the late 15th century? What did this make them do?
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They developed the maritime technology to travel. This made them want to search for riches, colonies, and pagans to convert.
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What else were growing at this time?
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Trade, towns, and modern corporations.
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As feudalism declined, what 3 things were taking its place?
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The formation of national states, the Protestant and Catholic Reformations, and more sins.
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What are the 6 sins talked about in the previous question? [Ingles acronym]
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Greed, racism, oppression, conquest, exploitation, and slavery. [GROCERS]
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What happened two centuries before Columbus?
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The Renaissance.
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What sped up publicity in the Renaissance? Who invented this and in what year?
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Johannes Gutenburg's printing press with movable type around 1440.
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What did the Europeans of the 15th century think of highly?
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The authority of ancient learning.
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What was the age of discovery heavily influenced by?
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Ancient concepts of geography.
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What happened in the 6th century B.C?
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The Pythagoreans taught the sphericity of the earth.
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What happened in the 3rd century B.C?
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The Earth's size was computed very early correctly.
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Who's "word" was commonly accepted in the time of the Renaissance?
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Aristotle.
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"No informed person at that time thought the ___ __ ____."
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Earth was flat.
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What did mariners do in the 15th century?
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Employed new instruments to sight stars and find the latitude. They still could not navigate on a ship.
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How did the captain of a ship steer his boat in those days?
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1.) Set his course along a given latitude. 2.) Calculated it from the angle of the North Star or the sun. 3.) Estimated the speed by eye.
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Which did the mariner of this time know how to calculate; longitude or latitude?
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Latitude.
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What did mariners of that time need in order to calculate longitude?
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Accurate timepieces.
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When were more accurate timepieces created?
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More precise chronometers were created in the 18th century.
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What did Europeans acquire while in Asia?
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Medicine, silks, precious stones, dye-woods, perfumes, rugs, and spices (pepper, nutmeg, clove, etc).
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What were spices needed for during that time?
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Preserving food and enhancing its flavor.
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Which two things did this trade give rise to?
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A merchant class and to the idea that corporations where stockholders would share risks and profits.
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Why was foreign trade risky?
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Because goods were passed by hand, by ship, by train, through all sorts of people.
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What were these trades often subject to?
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Tax levies.
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What straddled the important trade routes?
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The Muslim world.
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What were Muslims the most afraid/angered about?
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The efforts made to "Christianize" their lands.
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Because of the angry Muslims, what did the Europeans dream of having?
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An all-water route to east Asia and the Indies.
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Name another speed-up to exploration in this time?
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The rise of national states.
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What were national states ruled by?
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Kings and queens who had the power and the money to sponsor the search for foreign riches.
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Which two things were both growing in relation to one another?
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The growth of the merchant class and the growth of centralized political power.
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What three things did merchants want at this time?
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Uniform currencies, trade laws, and the elimination of trade barriers.
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Who did the merchants become allies with? Why?
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Monarchs. The monarchs had enough money to meet their needs.
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What three things were the merchants able to give the monarchs?
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Money, lawyers, and government officials.
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Which events also moved along the process of international trade and exploration? When did they take place?
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The Crusades to capture the Holy Land were during 1095-1270.
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What did the Crusades to capture the Holy Land do?
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They brought Europe into contact with the Middle East and then destroyed the ranks of feudal lords.
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What weakened the independence of the nobility relative to royal power?
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New means of warfare.
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What were the two new means of warfare in this time?
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Gunpowder and standing armies.
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Which four locations were displayed on the map of western Europe in 1492? What were these four locations called, collectively?
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These four united kingdoms included France, England, Portugal, and Spain.
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What happened in 1453?
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Charles VII returned from the Hundred Years' War as head of a unified state in France.
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What happened in 1485?
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Henry VII returned victorious after 30 years of being in the Wars of the Roses in England.
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What happened in Portugal during this time?
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John I fought off the Castilians to ensure national independence.
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What happened in 1469?
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Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile ended an era of chronic civil war when they united two great kingdoms in marriage.
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The Spanish King and Queen were _________ _________.
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Crusading expansionists.
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Which two great kingdoms were united in marriage? Who did this?
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Ferdinand and Isabella united the Spanish Christians and the Moorish Muslims.
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How many years did these two groups fight? Where were they fighting
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Nearly eight centuries. They fought on the Iberian peninsula.
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When were these two groups united?
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On January 1st, 1492.
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What was Granada?
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The last Muslim stronghold.
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What choice did Ferdinand and Isabella give the Muslims?
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Convert to Christianity or leave Spain. (Baptism or exile)
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Which four things, combined with human curiosity and nature, spurred the discovery and conquest of the New World?
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Urbanization, world trade, the rise of centralized national states, and advances in knowledge, technology, and firepower.
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Who guided exploration and discovery in Portugal?
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King John's son; Prince Henry the Navigator.
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What did Prince Henry do in 1422?
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He dispatched his first naval expedition to map the African coast.
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What were Prince Henry's motives?
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He wanted to both outflank the Islamic world and hoped for good trade.
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Describe the route of the Portuguese at this time.
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1446: Cape Verde, Equator 1482: Congo River 1488: the Cape of Good Hope (Africa's Southern tip)
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Who reached Africa's Southern tip? When? What is another name for this location.
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Bartholomeu Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.
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Where did Columbus study?
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In the school of Portuguese seamanship.
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When was Columbus born?
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1451.
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Describe the region of the "Indies".
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India, China, the East Indies, or Japan.
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What was Columbus' original planned route?
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To sail west across the Atlantic.
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What was Columbus' reward for doing this? Who gave him this deal?
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Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to give him a tenth share of any precious items/spices that he found in new territories.
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Where did Columbus get each of his ships?
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He chartered the Santa MarĂa. The city of Palos supplied the Pinta and the Niña.
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How many men did Columbus take with him?
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87.
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Where did his expedition end?
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The Canary Islands.
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When did someone on his ship first see land? What was this land?
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October 12th, 1492. San Salvador (island in the Bahamas).
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What did Columbus call the people that were living here?
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Los Indios.
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Where did Columbus find most of his gold jewelry?
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Española/Hispaniola.
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What did Columbus discover on his second voyage?
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The Caribs of the Lesser Antilles.
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Which word is often associated with these people?
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"Cannibal".
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What happened on the night before Christmas, 1492?
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Columbus left Hispaniola/Española, leaving 40 men behind. He took a dozen natives with him as gifts for the king and queen.
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Where was Columbus going?
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Palos.
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What helped aid the spreading of Columbus' arrival and success?
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Gutenburg's printing press.
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What major measure was taken by a religious leader after Columbus returned? Why did he do this?
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Because Pope Alexander VI thought that God favored the conquest of the New World, he gave Spain the right to control the entire hemisphere. He did this so that the pagan natives could be "brought to christ".
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What did the king and queen ask Columbus to do next?
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Go on another voyage.
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What were the Spanish monarchs doing at this time?
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Talking about shoring up their legal claim against Portugal's pretensions to the newly discovered lands.
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What agreement was made at this time? Between who? When?
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The Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal in 1494.
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What did this treaty do?
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It drew an imaginary line west of the Cape Verde Islands. The land west of it would belong to the Spanish.
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When did Columbus return from his second voyage? What did he bring with him?
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1493. He brought back 17 ships, livestock, over 1,000 men, and royal instructions to "treat the Indians very well".
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What did Columbus discover after he returned from his second voyage?
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The soldiers that he left had gone crazy. They raped, robbed, and made the Indians hate them.
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Who told him this?
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His son.
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What happened as a result of the soldiers' actions? Then what?
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The natives revolted and started killing the Spaniards so Columbus started revolting and killing them.
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Who won the battle? Why? What happened next?
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The Spaniards were obviously more advanced in their weapons so they won. They took 550 natives back with them for the slave market.
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When were Columbus' next two voyages?
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1498 and 1502.
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When did Columbus die?
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1506.
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Why was America not named after Columbus?
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It was not named for Columbus because he did not claim that the land was a new country. He thought that it was the Indies, which already had a name.
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Who was America named after? When did this happen?
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Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci in 1499. The land was so big that he thought it must be a new continent entirely.
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What were some of the domesticated animals of the New World?
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Dogs, ducks, turkeys, guinea pigs, llamas, and alpacas.
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What were some of the domesticated animals of the Old World?
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Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and (maybe) chickens.
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What were the three staples of European food in that era?
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Corn, potatoes, and beans.
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What were some of the foods of the New World?
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Peanuts, squash, peppers, tomatoes, pumpkins, pineapples, sassafras, papayas, guavas, avocados, cacao, and chicle (gum).
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What were some of the foods brought from the Old World?
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Rice, wheat, barley, oats, wine grapes, melons, coffee, olives, bananas, "Kentucky" bluegrass, daisies, and dandelions.
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Which crop spread all over the New World?
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Corn.
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Name some Native American devices that were adopted by the Europeans?
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Canoes, snowshoes, mocassins, hammocks, kayaks, ponchos, dogsleds, and toboggans.
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Name some Native Words that were adopted by the Europeans?
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Wigwam, tepee, papoose, tomahawk, succotash, hominy, moose, skunk, raccoon, opossum, woodchuck, chipmunk, hickory, pecan.
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What were some of the drugs that were contributed by the New World?
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Tobacco, coca (cocaine), curare (muscle relaxant), and cinchona bark (for quinine).
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What was the most significant aspect of the biological exchange between the Old World and the New?
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The transmission of infectious diseases from Europe and Africa to the New World.
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What were some of the diseases in the New World from the Old?
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Smallpox, typhus, diphtheria, bubonic plague, malaria, yellow fever, and cholera.
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Why did these disease kill the natives but not the Europeans?
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The Europeans had developed immunity to it because they had already been exposed to it in England. The Native Americans had never seen it and were not immune.
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Far more Indians died of _____ than from _____.
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Contagion, combat.
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What did typhus and smallpox cause?
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Pandemics on a great scale.
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Which two diseases were the most dangerous?
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Typhus and smallpox.
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Who lost their power during this time and why?
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Because they could neither explain nor cure the diseases, Indian chiefs and religious leaders often lost their stature.
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What three things disintegrated during this time?
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Tribal cohesion, cultural life, and efforts to resist European assaults.
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What did the Native Americans eventually due to adapt to these diseases?
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They quarantined victims and infected villages to confine the germ's spread. They also developed elaborate rituals to sanctify such practices.
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How does smallpox travel?
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Airborne.
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What does a victim of smallpox typically die from?
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Internal bleeding.
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What became the most powerful weapon of European invaders?
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Disease.
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What was the European reaction to the massive deaths of Native Americans?
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Some were offended that they "blamed" the Europeans (although they rightfully did so). Many thought that the epidemics were sent from God to punish those that did not convert to Christianity.
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Inspired by Columbus' actions, what did many Italian men do in this time? During what time period was this?
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They hired themselves out to look for the western passage to Asia. 16th century.
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Who was the first to sight the North American continent?
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John Cabot, a Venetian sponsored by Henry VII of England.
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When did Cabot sail across the North Atlantic?
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1497.
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What happened because Cabot spotted the continent first?
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It gave England the basis for a later claim to all of North America.
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What happened during the early 16th century?
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The English were too involved with France and didn't take advantage of Cabot's discoveries.
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What happened in 1513?
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A Spaniard, Vasco NĂșñez de Balboa was the first European to sight the Pacific Ocean.
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How did Vasco get there?
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He crossed the Isthmus of Panama on foot.
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Who discovered the strait at the Southern tip of South America that runs from the Atlantic to the Pacific? When did this happen?
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1519: Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese seaman, hired by the Spanish).
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What happened to Magellan?
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He was killed by native in the Philippines.
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How did people know about the strait that was discovered? When did this happen?
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Even though Magellan died, his surviving crew members came back to Spain in 1522 and told everyone.
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How long were his crew members at sea?
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Three years.
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What happened to Spain in the 16th century? How did they do this?
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They created the most powerful empire in the world by conquering and colonizing the Americas.
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What part did the Caribbean Sea play in this time?
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It was the funnel through which Spanish power entered the New World.
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What place eventually became the capital of the West Indies?
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Santo Domingo.
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What did the Spanish do once they were in the New World?
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Established colonies.
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What was the motivation of the Spaniards while they were conquering?
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To serve God and the king and also to get rich.
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What four things were the Spanish willing to risk everything for?
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Wealth, power, glory, or divine approval.
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Which two groups conquered after the Spaniards?
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The French and the British.
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What did most of those in the first settlement die from?
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Malnutrition or disease.
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What did the Europeans think of themselves while they were in the New World?
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They thought that their civilization was superior to those they discovered in the New World.
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What did this mindset do? (3)
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It justified in their minds the conquest and enslavement of Indians, the destruction of their way of life, and the seizure of their land and resources.
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What kind of materials did the Indians of Mexico have (and not have)?
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They had copper and bronze, but no iron.
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What kind of animals did the Indians of Mexico have (and not have)?
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They had domesticated dogs and llamas, but no horses.
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What did Indians use for transport?
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Dugout canoes.
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What did Europeans use for transport?
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Heavily armed oceangoing vessels.
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What did the Spanish ships have on them?
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Human cargo, steel swords, firearms, explosives, and armor.
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What weapons did the Indians have?
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Tomahawks and arrows.
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What were the only two domesticated animals in North America?
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Dogs and llamas.
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What domesticated animals did the Spaniards have? What did they provide?
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Horses, pigs, and cattle; sources of food and leather.
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What did horses provide in battle?
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Greater speed and a psychological advantage.
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What did the Spaniards use to guard their camps?
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Greyhound dogs.
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What happened on February 18th, 1519?
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The first European conquest of a major Indian civilization on the North American mainland.
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Who started the first European conquest of a major Indian civilization on the North American mainland?
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Hernando Cortés.
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What did Hernando Cortés leave with?
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600 soldiers/sailors, 200 Cuban natives, 16 horses, and several cannons.
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Where did Hernando Cortés set sail from?
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Cuba.
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What was Hernando Cortés' motivation?
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Gold and glory.
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Where did the invaders land? What did they do one they were there?
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Vera Cruz (Mexican Gulf Coast). They were assaulted by thousands of Indian warriors, but they defeated them.
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What did Cortés do after he won the battle with the Indian warriors?
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He asked them to join his advance on the Aztecs and then burned all but one of the Spanish ships.
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What were Cortés soldiers called? What did they receive for their work?
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Conquistadors. They were unpaid, but expected a share in the plunder and slaves.
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What was Cortés first acquirement of gold and glory?
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In the Spanish occupation of Cuba.
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Who did Cortés disobey and how?
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He disobeyed the Spanish governor in Cuba who wanted the Aztec Empire for himself by launching the invasion of Mexico.
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What did the Aztecs call themselves?
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The "masters of the world".
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How did Cortés get to the Aztecs?
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A 200-mile march from Vera Cruz through the mountains to TenochtitlĂĄn (Aztec capital).
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What was TenochtitlĂĄn? (3 descriptions)
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The Aztec capital. The largest city in the Americas. The most populous city in Spain.
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How did Cortés convince the ruler of the Aztecs to let them in? Who was the ruler of the Aztecs?
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He convinced Montezuma II that "We Spaniards have a disease of the heart that only gold can cure".
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What did the Spanish do after getting their gold?
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They forced Montezuma to give them laborers to get them more gold.
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What happened in 1520?
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The Aztecs thought of Montezuma as a traitor and they stoned him to death. Then they attacked Cortés' forces. Cortés' forces retreated.
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What did Cortés do after retreating?
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He reinforced his troops with other troops from Cuba and Indians that wanted to fight the Aztecs. Then he besieged the city for 85 days.
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What does "besieging" entail?
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Cutting off its access to water and food and allowing a smallpox epidemic to kill the people.
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Who lead the assault by the Aztecs?
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Motezuma II's nephew.
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How many died in the battle?
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15,000.
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What was the conclusion of the battle?
answer
The Aztecs surrendered.
question
What happened after the Aztecs surrendered?
answer
Cortés ordered to have the leaders hanged and the priests to be eaten by dogs.
question
Who became the new leaders of the Aztec Empire?
answer
Cortés and his officers.
question
How long did it take the Aztec Empire to develop?
answer
30 centuries.
question
How long did it take to conquer the Aztec Empire?
answer
2 years.
question
What happened in the years between 1522 and 1528?
answer
Lieutenants under Cortés conquered Indian culture in the Yucatån Peninsula and Guatemala.
question
When was the Inca Empire conquered? How?
answer
1531: Francisco Pizarro led his soldiers down the Pacific coast from Panama to Peru.
question
What was the main goal of the Spaniards now?
answer
To replace pagan civilizations (of the Americas) with Catholic-based culture.
question
What prompted the Spaniards to conquer and move forward so confidently?
answer
They believed that god was on their side.
question
What system did the conquistadors transfer to America?
answer
The encomienda.
question
What did the encomienda entail?
answer
Favored officers became important landowners who controlled the Indian villages.
question
What were these favored officers called?
answer
Encomenderos.
question
What were the encomenderos supposed to do?
answer
They were asked to protect and care for the villages and support missionary priests.
question
What would the encomenderos receive in turn for their protection?
answer
The Indians would supply them with goods and labor.
question
What was the population in the mid-1500s?
answer
Native Indians were nearly extinct in the West Indies.
question
Who took the place of the native Indians and when?
answer
In 1503, Africans were transported to work as slaves.
question
Describe the racial populations of this time period.
answer
Indian pop dropped then slowly rose. White pop significantly increased.
question
What did some Catholic missionaries to, opposed to the actions of the conquistadores? Why did they do this?
answer
In an example of self-denial, they went to remote areas (with no weapons or protection) to spread the gospel.
question
What often happened to the Catholic missionaries when they traveled and di this?
answer
They often suffered martyrdom.
question
Who was the most famous for defending the Indians?
answer
Bartolomé de Las Casas, a priest in Hispaniola (later a bishop in Mexico).
question
What is the name of the book written by Bartolomé de Las Casas? When did he write this book?
answer
"A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies" (1522)
question
What was the result of such contrasting forces?
answer
Spanish America gradually developed into a settled society.
question
Who were the independent conquistadors replaced by?
answer
A second generation of bureaucrats.
question
Who was the encomienda followed by?
answer
The hacienda as the claim to land because a more important source of wealth than the Spanish claim to labor.
question
Who regulated colonial administration?
answer
The Spanish government.
question
What kind of tribes inhabited Mesoamerica?
answer
Complex civilizations.
question
What kind of tribes inhabited the north with the pre-Columbian Indians?
answer
Nomadic tribes.
question
How did Catholics often try to top the pagans?
answer
By absorbing pagan gods and turning pagan feasts into such holy days as Christmas and Easter.
question
Who evoked memories of feminine divinities in native cults?
answer
The Mexican Virgin of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
question
Who had the most power in the European world in the 16th century?
answer
Spain.
question
What two advantages did Spain have at this time?
answer
It sponsored the discovery of the New World and came upon those parts of America that would bring the quickest profits.
question
What 2 things were France and England having issues with at this time?
answer
Domestic quarrels and religious conflict.
question
While France and England were fighting, what was Spain doing?
answer
Forging an intense national unity.
question
Who was Spain ruled by at the time? What were his other positions?
answer
Charles V, heir to the throne of Austria and the Netherlands and Holy Roman emperor.
question
What two places did Spain dominate at the time?
answer
Europe and the New World.
question
Where did Spain's treasure come from?
answer
The Aztecs and the Incas.
question
What were the other effects of the reliance that Spain gad on American gold and silver?
answer
It undermined the basic economy of Spain and tempted the government to live beyond its means. Also caused inflation throughout Europe.
question
How long did Spain's colonial presence last?
answer
More than 3 centuries.
question
Where did New Spain next center?
answer
Mexico.
question
What did the Spanish encounter with the Native American populations produce?
answer
A two-way exchange where the two societies combined.
question
What did the Pueblo Indians of the Southwest do at this time?
answer
They adopted some elements of Spanish Catholicism but kept some of their own customs.
question
When was the earliest known exploration of Florida? Who?
answer
1513: Juan Ponce de LeĂłn, governor of Puerto Rico.
question
What were the Spanish explorers doing at this time?
answer
They were exploring the coasts.
question
Where did most of our knowledge of the interior of North America come from?
answer
From the would-be conquistadores who sought to plunder the hinterlands.
question
Who landed in Tampa Bay in 1528?
answer
Pånfilo de Narvaéz.
question
What was PĂĄnfilo looking for?
answer
Mexico.
question
Who eventually stumbled into a Spanish outpost in western Mexico? How many years had they been traveling?
answer
A few survivors under Ălvar NĂșñez Cabeza de Vaca after eight years.
question
What did Hernando de Soto do?
answer
He traveled with 600 men, horses, and war dogs and landed on Florida's west coast in 1539- traveling and destroying various Indian villages.
question
When did de Soto die
answer
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