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Goodness of Fit

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The idea that behavior is problematic or not problematic depending on the environment in which it occurs

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Culture

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Shared behavioral patterns and lifestyles that differentiate one group of people from another

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Culture-bound Syndrome

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Abnormal behaviors that were specific to a particular location or group

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Eccentricity

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Behavior that may violate societal norms but is not always negative or harmful to others

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Abnormal Behavior

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Behavior that is inconsistent with the individual's developmental, cultural, and societal norms , and creates emotional distress or interferes with daily functioning

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Dimensional Approach

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An approach to understanding behavior that considers it from a quantitative perspective not a qualitative perspective

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Developmental Trajectory

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The idea that common symptoms of a disorder may vary depending on a person's age

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Trephination

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The process in which a circular instrument was used to cut away sections of the skull, possibly in an attempt to release demons from the brain

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Humors

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Imbalance of fluids found within the body that was thought to result in mental illnesses

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Hippocrates

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Father of medicine. Famous Greek physician that produced a diagnostic classification system and a model by which to explain abnormal behavior. Identified hallucinations, delusions, melancholia, mania and hysteria.

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The Classical Period (Greek and Romans)

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People believed abnormal behavior stemmed from an imbalance of humours, which consisted of blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm

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Nineteenth Century

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The emphasis was on viewing people with mental illness as worthy of receiving respect and kindness, and incorporating moral treatment as the method of care.

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Ancient Egyptians

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Believed that spirits controlled much of the environment as well as aspects of a person's behavior

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Galen

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His areas of expertise included many fields of medicine: neurophysiology and neuroanatomy. He discounted the "wandering uterus" theory about hysteria.

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Medieval Europe

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Demons were considered to be the source of all evil. Church officials interpreted negative behavior as the work of the devil or witchcraft

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Mass Hysteria

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A situation in which a group of people share and sometimes even act upon a belief that is not based on fact

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Emotional Contagion

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The automatic mimicry and synchronization of expressions, vocalizations, postures, and movements of one person by another

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Johann Weyer

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The first physician to specialize in the treatment of mental illness

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Philippe Pinel

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Proposed that mental illness was often curable and that to apply appropriate treatment, the physician must listen to the patient and observe his behavior

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Quaker William Tuke

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Established the York Retreat that was designed to allow people with mental illnesses to live, work, and relax in a compassionate and religious environment

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Animal Magnetism

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A force that Mesmer believed flowed within the body and, when impeded, resulted in disease

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Placebo Effect

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Effect in which symptoms are diminished or eliminated not because of any specific treatment but because the patient believes that a treatment is effective

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Dementia Praecox (now called schizophrenia)

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Kraepelin's name for a psychological disorder characterized by deterioration of mental faculties

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Talking Cure

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A therapy in the form of discussion of psychological distress with a trained professional, leading to the elimination of distressing symptoms

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Sigmund Freud

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Introduced psychoanalysis. Believed the roots of abnormal behavior were established in the first 5 years of life

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Psychoanlysis

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A theory of abnormal behavior originated by Sigmund Freud that was based in the belief that many aspects of behavior were controlled by unconscious innate biological urges that existed from infancy

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Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

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A form of learning in which a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response

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Behaviorism (John B. Watson)

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The theory that the only appropriate objects of scientific study were observable behaviors, not inner thoughts or feelings

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Scientist-practitioner Model

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When providing treatment, psychologists rely on the findings of the research. They investigate topics that help to guide and improve psychological care

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Neurons

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A nerve cell found throughout the body and the brain

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Synapses

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A space between neurons

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Neurotransmitters

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Chemical substances that are released into the synapse and transmit information from one neuron to another

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Neuroscience

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The study of the structure and function of the nervous system and the interaction of that system and behavior

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Biological Scarring

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The process by which years of living with a disorder cause changes in the brain

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Behavioral Genetics

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The field of study that explores the role of genes and environment in the transmission of behavioral traits

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Viral Infection Theory

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The theory that during the prenatal period or shortly after birth, viral infections could cause some psychological disorders

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Ego Psychology

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A form of psychodynamic theory that focus on conscious motivations and healthy forms of human functioning

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Operant Conditioning (F.B. Skinner)

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A form of learning in which behavior is acquired or changed by the events that happens afterwards

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Reinforcement

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A contingent event that strengthens the response that precedes it

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Punishment

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The application of something painful or the removal of something positive

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Vicarious Conditioning

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A distinct type of learning in which the person need not actually do the behavior in order to acquire it

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Aaron Beck

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Identified the negative cognitive triad; people with depression have a negative view of the self, the world and the future

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Phenomenology

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A school of thought that holds that one's subjective perception of the world is more important than the world in actuality

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Carl Rogers

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His theory of abnormal behavior begins with the assumption that psychopathology is associated with psychological incongurence, or a discrepancy between one's self image and one's actual self

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Sociocultural Models

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The idea that abnormal behavior must be understood within the context of social and cultural forces

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Biopsychosocial Perspective

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A theoretical perspective that suggests that health is determined by complex interactions among biological, psychological, and social forces

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Diathesis-stress Model of Abnormal Behavior

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The idea that psychological disorders may have a biological or psychological predisposition that lies dormant until environmental stress occurs and the combination produces abnormal

Chapter 1: Abnormal Psychology: Historical and Modern Perspective – Flashcards

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