question

The primary relationships studied by sociologists are the ones between

answer

individuals and society

question

Which is an accurate description of sociology

answer

the systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society, of how social relationships influence people's behavior, and how major social institutions and individuals interact

question

The sociological imagination

answer

is an awareness of the relationship between individuals and social forces

question

One way to develop a sociological imagination is to view your own society

answer

as an outsider

question

A sociologist observing behavior at a college football game would probably focus on

answer

the interaction among fans during the pre-game ritual of tailgate parties

question

Which of the following would be an example of the use of the sociological imagination

answer

a study of the behavior of people listening to a religious service compared to that of people listening to a rock concert

question

Unemployment can be viewed as

answer

both a private trouble and a public issue

question

The sociological imagination is an empowering tool because it

answer

helps us to understand the perspectives of people from different social circumstances

question

The fact that it is possible to make a hamburger without having to personally complete every one of the many steps that go into making a hamburger from scratch illustrates

answer

society's shared knowledge and skills

question

Which of the following are the key components of the definition of sociology

answer

systematic study, the individual and society, and the consequences of social differences

question

The fact that men in Indonesia are more likely to survive certain kinds of natural disaster, because men in that society are generally taught to swim while women are not, is an example of

answer

the consequences of differences

question

A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is referred to as

answer

social inequality

question

A body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation is called a

answer

science

question

Sociology is considered a science because sociologists

answer

engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding

question

Fields of study that explore the ways the behavior features of humans interact and change are considered

answer

social sciences

question

Fields of study that explore the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change are considered

answer

natural sciences

question

A natural scientist would be likely to study

answer

rock formations and composition in the Grand Canyon

question

A social scientist would be likely to study the

answer

reasons for the decreasing divorce rate in the United States

question

Which of the following would be the type of question a sociologist might ask in studying the global economic crisis that began in 2008

answer

how do the positions we occupy influence our experience of the crisis

question

Sociologists argue that, unlike scientific knowledge, commonsense conclusions are

answer

unreliable

question

A sociological study of the divorce rate among U.S. soldiers served to

answer

emphasize the distinction between sociology and common sense

question

A set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior is called a

answer

theory

question

Emile Durkheim's study of suicide relate suicide ages to

answer

the extent to which people were integrated into the group life of a society

question

Emile Durkheim's explanation of suicide was scientific because he

answer

developed conclusions based on systematic examination of data

question

Which of the following statements is an example of a sociological theory

answer

suicide rates are a reflection of whether people are, or are not, integrated into the group life of a society

question

Which sociologist established Europe's first university department of sociology

answer

Emile Durkheim

question

Which of the following is true about August Comte

answer

he sought to establish a science that would reveal basic "laws of society", he thought humans could learn to understand the forces that helped society to maintain order and stability, he though humans could learn to understand the forces that caused society to change

question

Which of the following is true about Harriet Martineau

answer

she introduced the significance of inequality and power into the discipline of sociology, and she believed scholars should be activists and not just commentators

question

Harriet Martineau argued that we could learn a lot about a culture by analyzing the ideas, themes, and images reflected in which type of cultural product

answer

popular songs

question

Anomie refers to

answer

loss of direction that is felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective

question

In many emerging nations, the pace of social change is very rapid and there is significant hunger and starvation, unemployment, and family disruption. Individuals who live in emerging nations are likely to suffer

answer

anomie

question

Durkheim was particularly concerned about

answer

the loss of social order

question

Which of the following did Karl Marx view as the key factor distinguishing humans from animals

answer

human's ability to transform raw material into finished products

question

In Karl Marx's analysis, social inequality is determined by

answer

ownership, or lack thereof, of key material resources

question

Max Weber's theory of power included

answer

social status and organizational resources

question

Sociological studies that focus on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations are defined as

answer

macrosociology

question

A study of divorce rates among the populations of Canada, England, the United States, and France is an example of

answer

macrosociology

question

Which of the following stresses the study of small groups

answer

microsociology

question

A sociologist studies drug-use patterns among small groups of college students in a Midwestern college. This would be an example of

answer

microsociology

question

Erving Goffman popularized the dramaturgical approach, which

answer

compares everyday life to a theatrical performance

question

W. E. B. Du Bois investigated power and inequality based on

answer

race

question

Ida Wells-Barnett investigated power and inequality based on

answer

gender and race

question

Which of the following is true about Jane Addams

answer

she used sociology as a tool to improve the lives of the urban poor

question

Which of the following is a functionalist perspective

answer

society is structured to maintain stability

question

Which sociological perspective would suggest that if an aspect of social life does not contribute to a society's stability, then it does not serve a useful function

answer

functionalist perspective

question

A functionalist perspective would be most likely to argue that the existence of big-city political machines suggests

answer

that these political organizations satisfy certain basic social needs

question

Which sociological perspective emphasizes the distribution of power and the allocation of resources

answer

conflict perspective

question

Critics of television often suggest that executives of major television networks and movie corporations are wealthy, White males who divide which programs or movies will be produced and which directors and actors will obtain jobs in the industry. This analysis reflects the

answer

conflict perspective

question

With which of the following conflicting groups are contemporary conflict theorists concerned

answer

women and men, the wealthy and poor, and blacks and whites

question

Interactionist perspective

answer

uses everyday forms of social interaction to explain society as a whole

question

Which sociological approach would argue that people respect laws or disobey them based on their own past experience as well as their subjective understanding of the law

answer

interactionist perspective

question

Which sociological perspective would argue that laws reinforce the positions of those in power

answer

conflict perspective

question

Which sociological perspective would argue that public punishments reinforce the social order

answer

functionalist perspective

question

Which sociological perspective would argue that social change is predictable in the progression toward great order

answer

functionalist perspective

question

The view that social order is maintained through cooperation and consensus would most likely be held by

answer

functionalists

question

Which sociological perspective would suggest that social change is reflected in people's communication patterns and social positions

answer

interactionist perspective

question

In general, sociologists tend to

answer

draw insights from all three major sociological perspectives.

question

Personal sociology

answer

requires recognition of how our individual position in society shapes our perspective.

question

Using sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations is referred to as

answer

applied sociology.

question

Which of the following statements is true

answer

clinical sociology is dedicated to facilitating change by altering organizations or restructuring social institutions

question

The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas is known as

answer

globalization

question

A sociological relationship between the individual and society is one in which the choices of the individual are determined by the individual's societal position. T/F

answer

False

question

Given C. Wright Mills' description of the sociological imagination as our ability to see the interaction between history and biography, it follows that neither society nor the individual can be understood in isolation from the other. T?F

answer

True

question

The main purpose of the "hamburger as miracle" story is to show that, when the need arises, all individuals are capable of achieving their goals without the help of others. T/F

answer

False

question

The observation by sociologists that the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami killed a higher proportion of men than women is an example of the importance of the consequences of difference. T/F

answer

True

question

Sociology can most accurately be considered a natural science because it involves the systematic examination of the effects of human nature on society T/F

answer

False

question

The fact that sociologists have found little difference between the sexes in terms of talkativeness is an example of why the systematic analysis of facts is generally more reliable than common sense knowledge T/F

answer

True

question

According to Durkheim's theory about the causes of suicide, the more interconnected and interdependent a society's members, the lower its suicide rate should be. T/F

answer

True

question

Of the three main sociological perspectives, the dramaturgical approach, as popularized by Erving Goffman, would best be considered an example of the interactionist perspective T/F

answer

True

question

A sociologist who views religion as a societal institution that functions to preserve existing inequalities is most likely to be a conflict theorist in terms of perspective. T/F

answer

True

question

Of the various ways to practice sociology, the way that offers the most direct link between theory and practice is clinical sociology. T/F

answer

True

question

Which of the following is true of sociology

answer

it represents a conversation between theory and research

question

The scientific method

answer

maximizes consistency in research

question

If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape victims and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to

answer

define a problem to study

question

Defining a sociological problem involves

answer

explicitly identifying the concepts you want to learn more about

question

An operational definition is

answer

the transformation of an abstract concept into indicators that are observable and measurable

question

Which of the following best describes theories

answer

they are our most informed explanations of what happens and why

question

Which of the following would be least likely to be used in formulating an operational definition for a study on racial bias in the workplace

answer

the narrative of a single person describing an incident of employment discrimination

question

When researching a concept, why do sociologists conduct a review of the available literature

answer

to refine the problem under study, to clarify possible techniques to be used in collecting data, to eliminate or reduce avoidable mistakes

question

A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a

answer

hypothesis

question

The statement "Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies" is an example of

answer

a hypothesis

question

A variable is

answer

a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions

question

Which of the following can serve as a variable in a study

answer

marital status, ethnic background, age

question

The relationship between variables in which a change in one leads to a change in the other is known as

answer

casual logic

question

The statement "People who live in poverty have shorter life expectancies than wealthier citizens" is an example of

answer

a hypothesis

question

The causal variable that brings about change is known as a(n)

answer

independent variable

question

Which of the following would be considered the independent variable in the statement "People who live in poverty have shorter life expectancies than wealthier citizens"

answer

level of income

question

Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, marital status is a(n)

answer

independent variable

question

The race of a criminal offender is associated with the frequency with which capital punishment is administered. In this example, capital punishment would be considered the

answer

dependent variable

question

The relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other is known as a(n)

answer

correlation

question

Individuals who have divorced parents are more likely to experience long-term adverse effects than individuals who have parents who did not divorce. This statement is an example of a(n)

answer

correlation

question

In which type of sample does each member of the entire population have the same chance of being selected

answer

a random sample

question

If researchers wanted to examine the opinions of people listed in a city directory, they might call every tenth or fiftieth or hundredth name listed. This would constitute a

answer

random sample

question

Valid research measures

answer

accurately reflect the phenomenon under study

question

Which of the following would be considered a valid measure of an individual's intelligence

answer

None of the answers are correct - not the individual'e employment, or the researchers opinion, or the number of years of school that the individual has completed

question

A research measure that provides consistent results is considered

answer

reliable

question

A factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independent variable is known as a

answer

control variable

question

Which of the following is true about a research design

answer

it is a detailed plan or method for scientifically obtaining data

question

Developing an effective research design is important because it directly influences both the amount of time needed to collect the data and the

answer

cost of the project

question

To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist interviews 75 women between the ages of 20 and 40 in an American city, and 75 women in the same age group in a Canadian city. This study would be classified as

answer

a survey

question

In order to provide information that is useful, open-ended survey questions

answer

must be worded accurately and without bias

question

The results of an interview may be influenced by

answer

the gender of the interviewer or the race of the interviewer

question

Surveys most often represent ______ research, which collects and reports data primarily in numerical form

answer

quantitative

question

The number calculated by adding a series of values and then dividing by the number of values is referred to as the

answer

mean

question

The midpoint, or number that divides a series of values into two groups of equal numbers of values, is referred to as the

answer

median

question

Which number would be considered the mode of the following: 10-10-9-9-8-8-7-7-7-6-5

answer

7

question

Research that relies on what sociologists observe in the field and naturalistic settings, and that often focuses on small groups and communities, is referred to as

answer

qualitative research

question

Researchers who use sociological observation to collect data do so by either watching a group or by

answer

directly participating in a group

question

A sociologist attends meetings at all the schools and churches in his community over several years, and meets as many residents as he can for the purpose of exploring all facets of the community's social life. He then compiles a detailed description of the community. He is conducting a(n)

answer

ethnography

question

The initial obstacle participant observers encounter is

answer

gaining acceptance into an unfamiliar group

question

Once a researcher has been accepted into a group, a major challenge of participant observation is

answer

maintaining a degree of detachment

question

An artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables is known as a(n)

answer

experiment

question

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable is called the

answer

control group

question

Sociologists performing research

answer

tend to use both laboratory experiments and field work, but not in conjunction with each other

question

A sociologist decides to study the interaction among students in the college's computer center. When the students realize they are under observation, they become shy and reserved in their interactions. This is an example of

answer

the Hawthorne effect

question

Which of the following is true about Devah Pager's research

answer

it attempted to approximate experimental conditions in the field

question

Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that

answer

use previously collected and publicly accessible information and data

question

If a sociologist uses information gathered by the United States Census Bureau in a study, that sociologist is performing

answer

a secondary analysis

question

Sociologists consider secondary analysis to be

answer

a nonreactive form of research

question

An inherent problem in using secondary sources of data is that

answer

researchers may not find the exact data needed for their research

question

A researcher studies adolescent attitudes about senior citizens by analyzing depictions of the elderly in the lyrics of popular music and the content of teen magazines. This is an example of

answer

content analysis

question

Erving Goffman's pioneering exploration of how advertisements portray women as dependent upon men is an example of

answer

content analysis

question

Which of the following is included in the code of ethics for sociology

answer

using appropriate research techniques, maintaining integrity in research, remaining unbiased and nondiscriminatory

question

Which of the following is not incorporated into the basic principles of the code of ethics for sociology

answer

a required number of data sources

question

Rik Scarce's jail experience in 1993 revealed the potential consequences of

answer

maintaining the confidentiality of sources

question

After the 1989 Valdez disaster, the Exxon Corporation sought out many experts, including sociologists, to study jury deliberations. Which of the following was a major ethical concern for these sociologists

answer

Funding from Exxon might influence the results of the studies

question

According to value neutrality, investigators have an ethical obligation to accept research findings even when the data run counter to which of the following

answer

their own personal views, theoretically based explanations, widely accepted beliefs

question

Joyce Ladner's The Death of White Sociology called attention to

answer

the tendency of mainstream sociology to investigate the lives of African Americans only in the context of social problems

question

Which of the following is true about Shulamit Reinharz

answer

she argued that sociological research should be open to drawing on relevant research by nonsociologists

question

Feminist sociologists

answer

view work and family as interrelated topics

question

Which of the following statements is true about the contributions of feminist sociologists?

answer

they have difficulty maintaining value neutrality due to the subject of their research

question

One important goal of applying the scientific method to the study of society is to ensure that the researchers' own values and opinions are allowed to influence the results. T/F

answer

False

question

The purpose of transforming a concept into its operational definition is to make the concept easier to observe and measure T/F

answer

True

question

In the hypothesis "the more socially integrated a person, the less likely that person is to commit suicide," level of social integration is the independent variable. T/F

answer

True

question

If x is correlated with y, then by definition, x must be the cause of y. T/F

answer

False

question

If x causes y, then by definition, x must be correlated with y. T/F

answer

True

question

For the purposes of data analysis, the most important quality of a sample is that it is representative of the population from which it is drawn T/F

answer

True

question

One way to ensure that a sample is representative of the broader population from which it is taken is to ensure that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected in the sample. T/F

answer

True

question

If the same questionnaire about income and education is given to the same person at two different times, and nothing significant has changed between the two times, the responses should be the same, and if they are not, the questionnaire can best be described as invalid. T/F

answer

False

question

Of the two main types of survey instrument—the face-to-face interview and the questionnaire—the use of a questionnaire is likely to generate the higher response rate because it allows more time for the respondent to respond. T/F

answer

False

question

While sociologists use a variety of different approaches to the study of social phenomena, they all accept that value-neutrality is essential in the interpretation of data. T/F

answer

False

question

The totality of our shared language, knowledge, material objects, and behavior is known as

answer

culture

question

Culture helps us to

answer

interpret information received by our senses

question

Which of the following best defines a society

answer

the structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared

question

Which of the following best explains the role of a society

answer

it provides the context within which cultural relationships develop

question

Cultural preferences vary across societies. Which of the following is an example of a cultural preference

answer

marriage ceremonies, methods of education, religious doctrines

question

Common practices and beliefs shared by all societies are called

answer

cultural universals

question

In his research, George Murdock determined that

answer

although all cultures share common denominators, how cultures address these practices and beliefs varies greatly

question

What is the most common stance among researchers on the "nature vs. nurture" debate

answer

they view the debate as inadequate

question

Sociobiology is the systematic study of

answer

how biology affects human social behavior

question

Which of the following would be of interest to a sociobiologist

answer

the explanation of how our thoughts and actions are linked to our genes

question

Innovation interests sociologists because it

answer

often has continuing effects beyond the initial change

question

Which of the following is a method through which culture is diffused

answer

military conquest, tourism, the Internet

question

Which of the following would be an example of discovery

answer

the identification of bacteria

question

Which of the following would be an example of invention

answer

superconductors

question

Which of the following examples illustrates the rapid globalization of culture

answer

starbucks stores in China

question

English-speaking people in the United States commonly use words whose origins are from various African, Asian, and non-English-speaking European cultures. This is an example of

answer

cultural diffusion

question

In practice, globalization has led to which of the following phenomena

answer

the cultural domination of developing nations by developed nations, people in developing nations often discarding their traditional values, and native cultures being threatened by Western popular culture

question

The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives represent

answer

material culture

question

Which of the following is an example of material culture

answer

a slice of pizza

question

Which of the following is true about cognitive culture

answer

it consists of our mental and symbolic representations of reality

question

Which of the following is a component of cognitive culture

answer

language

question

Which of the following is true about the pace at which nonmaterial culture changes?

answer

it is more resistant to change than material culture

question

What is cultural lag?

answer

an adjustment period when nonmaterial culture struggles to adapt to new material conditions

question

Culture lag occurs because people in most societies are

answer

more likely to change their material culture than their nonmaterial culture

question

Which of the following is true about language?

answer

it includes speech, writing, and nonverbal gestures

question

Which of the following is true about the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

answer

It argues that the language we use shapes our perception of reality

question

In some parts of the United States, horse breeding is commonplace. People involved in breeding have developed different words to distinguish between breeds, sizes, and sexes of horses, and these words are not very familiar to people who are uninvolved in the "horse world." This is an example of

answer

the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

question

What is one of the contributions the feminist perspective has made to the study of language?

answer

It suggests that gender-related language reflects traditional acceptance of men and women in certain occupations.

question

The words blacklist and white lie are examples of

answer

language that can promote racial stereotypes.

question

Which of the following is an example of nonverbal communication?

answer

a high five, a hug, a frown

question

Collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper (or bad, undesirable, and improper) are known as

answer

values

question

Which of the following is true about the list of U.S. basic values offered by sociologist Robin Williams?

answer

It includes the values of freedom, equality, morality, democracy, and conformity

question

In surveys of first-year college students over the last 40 years, which value has shown the strongest gain in popularity?

answer

being very well-off financially

question

Which of the following is true about norms?

answer

they are established standards of behavior maintained by a society, they must be widely shared and understood, they are classified as formal or informal

question

Formal norms enforced by the state are

answer

laws

question

Informal norms are

answer

generally understood but not precisely recorded

question

While attending a prestigious lecture at a New York City museum, Bob noisily belches several times and picks his nose. He is violating

answer

informal norms

question

Mores are

answer

norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society

question

Which of the following is true about folkways?

answer

They are norms that govern everyday behavior

question

Which of the following is not a culturally learned behavior?

answer

instincts

question

Within the traditional Buddhist areas of Southeast Asia, in the sleeping cars of trains, women do not sleep in upper berths above men. This norm

answer

reinforces patterns of male dominance

question

Which of the following is an example of a norm that is often ignored because of weak enforcement?

answer

teenage drinking of alcohol and use of shady accounting techniques in business

question

Which of the following is an example of a practice that appears to violate the norms of society in general, but actually represents adherence to the norms of a particular group?

answer

teenage drinking of alcohol and use of shady accounting techniques in business

question

Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm are known as

answer

sanctions

question

A Girl Scout works hard on a difficult project, and when she has completed her work, she is given a badge that she can wear on her uniform. This is an example of

answer

a sanction

question

A dominant ideology is a

answer

set of cultural beliefs and practices that legitimate existing powerful social, economic, and political interests

question

Which of the following is a limitation of the dominant ideology thesis?

answer

Significant shifts in cultural values occur from generation to generation

question

In the United States, professional gamblers, Armenian Americans, teenagers, and nudists are all examples of

answer

subcultures

question

The use of terms like g-man, honey boat, and airmail by sanitation workers in New York City is an example of

answer

argot

question

Which of the following is the best example of a counterculture within the United States?

answer

hippies

question

Armed militia groups, such as the one that was involved in the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, are an example of

answer

both a subculture and a counterculture

question

Which of the following constitutes culture shock?

answer

The feeling of disorientation that is experienced when people encounter cultural practices different from their own

question

A man from a very conservative culture travels to a country where the culture is more liberal. As he walks down the sidewalk, he is startled to see women wearing pants and even shorts instead of the long skirts and dresses worn by women in his culture. He is experiencing

answer

culture shock

question

The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent what is normal or are superior to all others is called

answer

ethnocentrism

question

Students who return home after studying abroad and soldiers returning home from war often experience a kind of reverse culture shock, which reflects

answer

how much we take culture for granted.

question

A member of a new fundamentalist church believes that she has found the one true way to achieve salvation, and that members of other religions are pagans who will go directly to hell when they die. This is an example of

answer

ethnocentricism

question

Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?

answer

People from India being repelled by the common American practice of living in the same household with dogs and cats.

question

In which country did ethnocentric value judgments hamper United States efforts to build a democracy?

answer

Iraq

question

A United States sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the peoples of Southeast Asia. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of these groups in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are a part. This is an example of

answer

cultural relativism.

question

Which of the following concepts employs the kind of value neutrality that Max Weber saw as so important?

answer

cultural relativism

question

One of the reasons why we need culture is that it helps us to make sense of, and relate to, the physical world around us. T/F

answer

True

question

George Murdock found that there are 70 categories of true cultural universals T/F

answer

False

question

Humans have more control over their own destinies if they are the product of nature rather than nurture. T/F

answer

False

question

In general, sociobiologists emphasize how social behavior can influence our biological evolution as a species T/F

answer

False

question

The main difference between discovery and invention is that only invention involves the creation of something that did not previously exist T/F

answer

True

question

The diffusion of cultures across national borders can have positive and negative effects. The negative effects are most likely to be experienced by developing rather than developed countries. T/F

answer

True

question

Language can be described as being "socially constructed" because it has no inherent meaning other than that assigned to it by humans. T/F

answer

True

question

One important implication of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that the capacity to conceptualize the world must evolve before language can emerge. T/F

answer

False

question

Wearing formal clothes in an informal setting would be an example of violating a formal norm. T/F

answer

False

question

The use of argot helps clarify the boundary between "insider" members of a subculture and other "outsider" members of society. T/F

answer

True

question

The relative importance of biological inheritance and environmental factors in human development is referred to as the debate over

answer

nature vs nurture

question

Which of the following best describes the process of socialization?

answer

Learning the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture.

question

A teacher plans a trip to the theater for a junior high school class. As part of the preparation, the teacher tells students how they should dress and how they will be expected to act inside the theater. This is an example of

answer

socialization

question

The analysis of Genie and Danielle is important because it emphasizes the importance of

answer

the earliest socialization experiences in human development.

question

Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys and "artificial mothers" revealed that

answer

monkeys developed greater social attachments based on their need for intimacy than on their need for food.

question

Studies of identical twins who were raised apart have

answer

failed to conclusively decided the debate over the influences of nature and nurture

question

Which of the following is true about the self?

answer

It is a distinct identity that sets us apart from others

question

Which of the following statements is true about the looking-glass self?

answer

It is a theory that you become who you are based on how you think others see you.

question

Which of the following is the first phase of the looking-glass self?

answer

imagining how others see us

question

According to the theory of the looking-glass self, our self-identities are based on

answer

our perceptions of how others see us.

question

George Herbert Mead argued that the self has two core components

answer

the "I" and the "Me"

question

For George Herbert Mead, the self represents an ongoing interaction between

answer

our socialized self and our acting self

question

For a student sitting in a classroom, the "I" is the part of the self that engenders which of these reactions?

answer

speaking up during a class discussion

question

Which of the following is true about the sociological concept of significant others?

answer

It is a term that refers to individuals who are most important in the development of the self throughout our lives

question

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an example of a significant other?

answer

a television character

question

According to George Herbert Mead's stages of the self, the preparatory stage occurs

answer

when children imitate the people around them, particularly family members

question

Gestures, objects, and words that form the basis of human communication are known as

answer

symbols

question

Which of the following is an example of a symbol?

answer

a hug, a coke bottle, a bowl of caviar

question

In Mead's theory, the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint is known as

answer

role taking

question

During which of Mead's stages of the self does a child begin to "become" a doctor, a parent, a superhero, or a ship captain?

answer

the play stage

question

Your boss has just screamed at her staff for poor sales growth and high absenteeism. Consequently, you decide that this would not be a good time to speak to her about a promotion. In this instance, you are effectively

answer

demonstrating role taking.

question

A child of about eight or nine years of age begins to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. At this point in development, children grasp not only their own social positions but also those of others around them. Mead calls this stage the

answer

game stage

question

Allison is playing in a high school field hockey game and passes the ball to Erika, who appears to have a scoring opportunity. Allison's pass suggests that she is aware of her role as a member of a team and that she is now in which stage of development, according to George Herbert Mead?

answer

the game stage

question

Which term was used by George Herbert Mead to refer to a child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole?

answer

generalized other

question

Tanya is sitting in a large college lecture hall with 300 other students. Although she has the urge to pick her nose, she refrains because she is afraid of how the other members of the audience will react. Tanya's behavior is being controlled by

answer

generalized others

question

Which of the following is true about the dramaturgical approach?

answer

It is a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers.

question

The sociologist Erving Goffman is associated with which of the following concepts?

answer

impression management, face-work, the dramaturgical approach

question

Bob is on his first date with Mary. He really likes her, so he tries to act in a manner that will cause her to like him, too. This is an example of

answer

impression management

question

Which of the following defines Erving Goffman's concept of face-work?

answer

the effort to maintain a proper image and avoid embarrassment in public

question

A person leaves a singles' bar alone and later tells a friend, "There wasn't anyone interesting in the entire crowd." This is an example of

answer

face-work

question

Which social scientist believed that the self has components that work in opposition to each other?

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

How many stages did Jean Piaget argue exist in the development of children's thought processes?

answer

4

question

A child spends a lot of time putting objects into his mouth and touching everything in sight. This child is probably in which stage of development, according to Piaget?

answer

sensorimotor

question

According to Piaget's cognitive theory of development, the stage in which children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas is called the

answer

preoperational stage.

question

According to Piaget, what is the key to children's development?

answer

social interaction

question

Which of the following is the most important agent of socialization?

answer

the family

question

Socialization concerning not only masculinity and femininity, but also marriage and parenthood begins in childhood as a part of family life. Children observe their parents as they express affection, deal with finances, quarrel, complain about in-laws, and so forth. Their learning represents an informal process of

answer

anticipatory socialization.

question

Which of the following is true about gender roles?

answer

They are expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females

question

Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis observed that schools in the United States focus on

answer

socializing students for the workplace.

question

Which of the following was a finding of sociologists Patricia and Peter Adler regarding peer groups?

answer

popularity reinforces gender stereotypes, a social pecking order is established early, popularity is affected by attractiveness

question

Which of the following has become an increasingly influential agent of socialization over the past century?

answer

the media

question

Which is the most common form of media consumption for young people between the ages of 8 and 18?

answer

watching tv

question

Among tablet and smartphone owners,

answer

multitasking is becoming more of a social norm

question

Which of the following is true about the ways new technologies are changing the way we interact with each other?

answer

They tend to lead to both narrowcasting and multitasking.

question

Which of the following is true about adolescents in the workplace?

answer

Adolescents work primarily to earn spending money for themselves.

question

Institutions such as day care centers, hospitals, and mental health care centers reflect what change in society?

answer

the declining role of family as caretaker

question

T/F The quincea-era ceremony is considered a rite of passage for Hispanic girls.

answer

True

question

A bat mitzvah, a quincea-era ceremony, and a Catholic confirmation are all examples of

answer

rites of passage

question

Which of the following do life course theorists argue?

answer

Socialization continues through all stages of the life cycle.

question

According to a national survey, the key event that marks the rite of passage into adulthood in the United States is

answer

completing formal schooling.

question

A young girl decides that she wants to become an Olympic swimmer. She takes swimming lessons, joins her school's swimming team, reads magazine articles about champion swimmers, and goes to swim meets at a nearby college. This is an example of

answer

anticipatory socialization.

question

A woman who was socialized from infancy to become a wife and mother settles comfortably into being a homemaker in her twenties and early thirties. However, her husband dies suddenly, and she finds that she must enter the paid labor force in order to support herself and her two children. This woman will most likely have to undergo a process of

answer

resocialization

question

Which of the following is considered a total institution?

answer

a mental hospital

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of total institutions?

answer

The authorities devise rules and schedule activities after consultation with the participants.

question

Cindy enters prison and is stripped of her clothing and advised that from this point on she will be referred to only by a number. This is an example of

answer

a degradation ceremony.

question

Which of the following is true about the midlife crisis?

answer

It is a period in which people realize that they have not achieved basic life goals and ambitions and have little time left to do so.

question

The sandwich generation can best be described as

answer

adults who try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children.

question

Which of the following factors has contributed to the rise in life expectancy around the world?

answer

developments in health care, advances in nutrition, improvements in working conditions

question

Which of the following is not one of the seven stages in Robert Atchley's theory of the retirement process?

answer

orientation

question

In Robert Atchley's conceptualization of the retirement process, the "near phase" refers to the

answer

point in time when a person establishes a specific retirement date from a job.

question

T/F The process of socialization can only take place during the first few years of life, meaning that children who miss this process can never become fully socialized.

answer

False

question

Based on studies of identical twins, the evidence overwhelmingly supports the idea that nature has a greater impact than nurture on the social development of people. T/F

answer

False

question

One implication of Charles Cooley's idea of the "looking-glass self" is that we can form self-identities that are based on incorrect assumptions about how others see us. T/F

answer

True

question

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, people are happiest when the "I" component of the self has total control over the "Me" portion of the self. T/F

answer

False

question

Of the three stages of self-development identified by Mead, the capacity to assume the perspective of another and to respond from this perspective does not occur until the "game stage." T/F

answer

False

question

Goffman's concept of "impression management" implies that people alter their presentation of self to meet the expectations of different audiences. T/F

answer

True

question

Of all the various "agents of socialization," peer groups have consistently been shown to have the greatest impact. T/F

answer

False

question

The "life course approach" to the study of political socialization tends to focus on those social factors, such as race or gender, that affect people throughout their lives. T/F

answer

True

question

The process of discarding old patterns of behavior and accepting new ones as part of a life transition is referred to as "anticipatory socialization." T/F

answer

False

question

People who are no longer young, but are not yet old are referred to by social scientists as the "sandwich generation." T/F

answer

False

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