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Prokaryotes

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Any unicellular microorganism that lacks a nucleus. Classification includes bacteria and archaea.

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what is a distinctive feature of a Porkaryote?

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A distinctive feature of prokaryotes is that they can make protein instantaneously to reading the genetic code because the typical prokaryote does not have a membrane surrounding its genetic material (DNA).

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Do Prokaryotes have internal Structure?

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Researchers have discovered a few prokaryotes with internal membranes that look like nuclei, Prokaryotes typically lack various types of internal structures bound with phospholipids membrane that are present in eukaryotic cells

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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)

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a Dutch tailor, and the man who discovered the bacterial world

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Why did Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa before bacteria?

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Protozoa are generally larger than bacteria. He reported the existence of protozoa in 1674 and bacteria 1676.

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Microorganisms

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all organisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope.

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By the end of the 19th century, Leeuwenhoek’s ________ were called microorganisms.

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Beasties; Today they are also known as microbes.

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taxonomic system

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A system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together. Biologists still use a modification of Linnaeus’s taxonomy today.

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Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778)

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During the 18th century, Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, developed the taxonomic system.

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Carl Woese used cell wall composition to distinguish between three types of cells in archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes.

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False: Cell wall composition may vary among bacteria and therefore could not be reliable a feature to distinguish between three major cell types.

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Bioremediation is the use of dead bacteria to clean up oil spills in the ocean.

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False: Living bacteria are used to detoxify polluted environments.

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Most of the world's oxygen is produced by algae.

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True: Algae produce a vast quantity of oxygen as a by-product of their photosynthetic metabolism.

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Nosocomial infections were only a concern in healthcare in the mid-1800s.

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False: In the 19th century, modern principles of hygiene were not practiced.

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Viruses were first discovered because of their effects on human cells.

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False: The first viral disease to be described was tobacco mosaic disease, a viral disease that affects tobacco plants.

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Most bacteria do NOT cause disease in humans.

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True: A relatively small number of bacterial species (compared to the total number known) cause human disease.

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Few, if any, biochemical reactions are common to both humans and microbes.

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False: The work of Kluyver and Van Niel showed that basic biochemical reactions are similar among all living things.

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Algae are classified by using genes for ribosomal RNA.

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False: Bacteria are classified based on genes for ribosomal RNA.

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Buchner's work with enzymes was the beginning of the study of metabolism and the field of biochemistry.

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True: Buchner showed that fermentation does not require living cells, thus leading the way to research on the metabolism of the cell and the enzymes that carry out this metabolism.

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Recombinant DNA technology provided techniques to modify bacteria to mass produce human blood-clotting factor as a treatment for hemophilia.

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True: Bacterial cells are similar enough to human cells to express a protein if provided with the genes for that protein.

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One group of microbes, __________, are often found in extreme environments and do not cause disease.

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archaea

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The botanist Carolus Linnaeus is remembered for his development of a __________ system.

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taxonomic

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oseph Lister is remembered for his work advancing the idea of __________ in health care settings.

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antisepsis

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A set of postulates that can be used to prove the cause of some infectious diseases was first proposed by __________.

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Robert Koch

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__________ is a process of heating liquids such as milk or juices to prevent rapid spoilage.

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pasteurization

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The __________ is a widely used staining technique that separates bacteria into two large groups based on cell wall composition.

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Gram stain

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The use of chemicals to control microbial growth within a host without harming host cells is called __________.

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chemotherapy

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The study of the chemical reactions that occur in living organisms is called __________.

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biochemistry

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Two scientists whose vaccine work began the field of immunology were __________.

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Jenner, Pasteur

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In 1958 Beadle and Tatum used Neurospora, a mold, to discover that one gene’s activity is related to the __________ coded by that gene

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protein

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Fungi

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are relatively large microscopic eukaryotes and include multicellular molds and single-celled yeasts. These organisms obtain their food from other organisms and have cell walls.

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Bacteria

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are single-celled prokaryotes whose cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan (though some bacteria lack cell walls). Most are beneficial, but some cause disease.

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Protozoa

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are single-celled eukaryotes that are similar to animals in their nutritional needs and cellular structure. Most are capable of locomotion, and some cause disease.

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Algea

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are plantlike eukaryotes that are photosynthetic; that is, they make their own food from carbon dioxide and water using energy from sunlight. The algae include multicellular and unicellular organisms.

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Archaea

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are prokaryotes whose cell walls lack peptidoglycan and instead are composed of other polymers.

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Viruses

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are microbes so small that they were hidden from microbiologists until the invention of the electron microscope in 1932. All are acellular obligatory parasites composed of of small amounts genetic material(DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. They can not replicate themselves or carry on chemical reaction like the living things can.

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Yeast

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Are unicellular and typically oval to round. They produce asexually by budding.some yeast produce sexual spores

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Mold

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Are typically multicellular organisms that grow long filaments that intertwine and make the body of the mold. They reproduce by sexual and asexual spores. Example: cottony growth on, bread, and jams.

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Spores

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are cells that produce a new individual without fusing with another cell.

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spontaneous generation (or abiogenesis)

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proposes that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter.

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scientific method

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1.A group of observations leads a scientist to ask a question about some phenomenon.
2. The scientist generates a hypothesis—a potential answer to the question.
3. The scientist designs and conducts an experiment to test the hypothesis.
4. Based on the observed results of the experiment, the scientist either accepts, rejects, or modifies the hypothesis.

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The debate over spontaneous generation led in part to the development of a generalized ______

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scientific method

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The theory of spontaneous generation (or abiogenesis)was purposed by whom?

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It was proposed by Aristotle (384–322 B.C.) and was widely accepted for almost 2000 years.

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Who challenged the Theory of Spontaneous Generation?

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Francesco Redi (1626–1697) challenged it.

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Francesco Redi (1626–1697)

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Demostrated a series of experiments that when decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never developed, whereas meat exposed soon became infested with maggots. With these experiments scientist began to doubt Aristotle's theory and adopt the view that animals arise from other animals.

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John T. Needham (1713–1781)

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conducted experiments suggesting that perhaps spontaneous generation of microscopic life was indeed possible. boiled gravy (sealed tight) became cloudy,and saw living organisms.

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Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–1799)

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reported results that contradicted Needham’s findings.

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What was Lazzaro Spallanzani three conclusions?

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1. Needham had failed to heat his vials sufficiently to all microbe, or he had not sealed them tightly enough.
2. Microorganisms exist in the air and can contaminate experiments.
3. Spotaneous generation of microorganisms does not occur; all living things arise from other living things.

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Louis Pasteur(1822–1895)

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using swan-necked flasks that remained free of microbes disproved the theory definitively.

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[image]

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Because of the shape of the flask, the infusion was exposed to air. However, dust particles and other things in the air never made it into the infusion. Because they were trapped in the curve of the Swan Neck Flask. No matter how long he allowed the flask to sit, microorganisms never appeared in the infusion. However, if he tipped the flask and allowed the things trapped in the neck to get into the infusion then microorgranisms began to appear in the infusion and multiply rapidly

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Bacteriology

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Bacteria and Archaea (Leeuwenhoek)

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Phycology

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Algae(Leeuwenhoek)

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Mycology

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Fungi (Leeuwenhoek)

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Protozoology

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Protozoa(Leeuwenhoek)

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Parasitology

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Parasitic protozoa and Parasitic animals(Leeuwenhoek)

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Virology

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Viruses

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Microbial Metabolism

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Biochemistry; chemical reactions within a cell

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Microbial Genetic

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Functions of DNA and RNA

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Environmental Biology

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Relationships between microbes and among microbes, other organisms and their environment.

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Serology

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Antibodies in the blood serum, particular as an indicator of infection.Von Behring and Kitasato – existence in the blood of chemicals and cells that fight infection

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Epidemiology

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Frequency, distribution, and spread of disease

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Chemotherapy

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Developmental and use of drugs to treat infectious diseases.Fleming discovered penicillin
Domagk discovered sulfa drugs

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Control Groups

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Groups that are treated exactly the same as the other groups in the experiment, except the one variable that the experiment is designed to test.

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What is Fermentation?

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the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving fuzziness and the giving off of heat.
the process of fermentation involved in the making of beer, wine, and liquor, in which sugars are converted to ethyl alcohol. this linked back to the spontaneous generation.

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pathogens

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A microorganism capable of causing disease.

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germ theory of disease

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Pasteur's dicovery that bacteria are resposible for spoiling wine led naturally to his hypothesis in 1857 that microorganism are also responsible for diseases. This theory only applies to infectious diseases.

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metabolism

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the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

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Koch’s postulates

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1. The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts.
2. The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.
3. When the agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease.
4. The same agent must be re-isolated from the diseased experimental host.

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The Gram stain

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is still the most widely used staining technique; it distinguishes Gram-positive from Gram-negative bacteria and reflects differences in composition of the bacterial cell wall.

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Genetic engineering

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Genetic engineering involves the manipulation of genes in microbes, plants, and animals for practical applications, such as the development of pest-resistant crops and the treatment of disease.

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Gene therapy

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Gene therapy is the use of recombinant DNA (DNA composed of genes from more than one organism) to insert a missing gene or repair a defective gene in human cells.

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Peptidoglycan

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Large, interconnected polysaccarides composed of chains of two alternating sugars and cross bridges of amino acid, main component of bacterial cell wall.

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Polypeptides

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A large number of amino acids that form a part or whole of a protein molecule.

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Polymer

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Repeating chains of covalenty linked monomers bonds in macro molecules.

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What were the three process that scientist thought living things arose from?

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1.Asexual reproduction
2.Sexual reproduction
3.Nonliving matter

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Scientist search for answers to four questions

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Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possibleWhat causes fermentationWhat causes diseaseHow can we prevent infection and disease?

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what is pasteurization?

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The use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages.

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Facultative anaerobes

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Organisms that can live with or without oxygen

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Phospholipid

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phosphate-containing lipid made up of molecules with two fatty acid chains.

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Phospholipid bilayer

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two layered structure of a cell's membranes.

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Molecular biology

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combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level. It is particularly concerned with genome sequencing.

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Microbial genetics

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is the study of inheritance in microorganisms.Throughout the 20th century, researchers working with microbes made significant advances in our understanding of how genes work. Investigations with microbes demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material. Other studies established that a gene’s activity is related to the function of the specific protein coded by that gene, and they determined the exact way in which genetic information is translated into a protein.

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Among the questions microbiologists are working to answer today are the following:

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How can we control infectious diseases• What prevents certain life forms from being grown in the laboratory• Can microorganisms be used in new ultraminiature technologies• How can an understanding of microbial communities help us understand communities of larger organisms• How bacteria communicate with each other to form biofilms?

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Enzymes

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which cell-produced to protiens that promate chemical reactions.

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Eduard Buchner (1860-1917)

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Buchner began the field of Biochemistry,Demostrated that fermentation does not require living cells, show that enzymes promote chemical reactions. Biochemical reactions are shared by all living things, are few in number, and involve the transfer of

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Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865)

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was the Hungarian physician who demonstrated that puerperal fever (also known as "childbed fever") was contagious and that its incidence could be drastically reduced by enforcing appropriate hand-washing behavior by medical care-givers. He made this discovery in 1847 while working in the Maternity Department of the Vienna Lying-in Hospital.

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Industrial Microbiology

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in which microbe are intentionally used to manufacture goods.

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Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)

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His discoveries began the branch of medical microbiology known as chemotherapy.

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Magic Bullet

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Gram's dicovery that stained bacteria could be differentiated into types had lead to chemicals that could be used to kill microorganisms differently. He undertook a exhaustive survey of chemicals to find a magic bullet that would destroy pathogens while remaining nontoxic to humans.

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Biochemistry

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Began with Pasteur's work on fermentation and Buchner's discovery of enzymes in yeast extract
Kluyver and van Niel – microbes used as model systems for biochemical reactions
Practical applications
Design of herbicides and pesticides
Diagnosis of illnesses and monitoring of patients' responses to treatment
Treatment of metabolic diseases
Drug design

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Recombinant DNA technology

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Genes in microbes, plants, and animals manipulated for practical applications
Production of human blood-clotting factor by E. coli to aid hemophiliacs

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Bioremed

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What is the four process of living cells?

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Growth, Reproduction, Responsiveness, and metabolism

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