chap 8 – Flashcard
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How does the self change during middle and late childhood? How do children of this age describe themselves?
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Better understanding of who they are;Describes selves in psychological characteristics/ traits;Im popular or not popular;Also realize social aspects of themselves, im a girl scout, I play soccer, etc.;Compare themselves to others; After age 7 they reference what other kids have done
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Know the difference between self-esteem and self-concept.
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self esteem-how they feel about themselves on a wide scale Parents set in motion a childs self esteem.;;;;;self concept-Domain specific, breaking it down further. Im good at math but not so good at English, im a good athlete but not as good at school.
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What are the consequences of low vs. high self-esteem? Is high self-esteem always good?
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children with high esteem-Do not necessarily perform better in school(Over confident, refusal to accept help, placing blame on teachers and peers). Have greater initiative (positive or negative) Work hard, try harder. As they grow older it becomes more realistic;;;
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how to increase a childs self esteem
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Having healthy self esteem that is tied to effort; Identify the causes of low self-esteem; Provide emotional support and social approval-Encouraging his efforts even if the job is bad.;Help children achieve-Linking them up with tutors.;;Help children cope
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What is self-efficacy, and how does it contribute to children's approach to learning?
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Belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes;I know I can take this test and do well cuz I studied well and know the material
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what is self regulation
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Our intentional effort to manage our behavior, emotion, and thoughts. ;;Most important aspect of devolpment in middle childhood. ;;Critical in how you get along with other people and how well you do academically. ;;Social emotional milestone but linked to phsycial devolpment in the prefrontal cortex which controls planning, focus
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what is mastery oriented attributions?
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this is the belief that I can.
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what is learned hopelessness
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the belief I cant do this, high risk of failure and drop out. They also downplay their success. "I got lucky and got the questions right. Teacher made the test easy"
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Know characteristics of Erikson's fourth stage, industry vs. inferiority.
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middle to late childhood; industry-Children become interested in how things work. Linked to high academic achievement. inferiority- Parents who see their children's efforts as mischief may encourage inferiority.
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Be able to identify examples of developmental changes in emotional understanding
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Improved emotional understanding-Think for themselves;; Increased understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation;;;Increased awareness of the events leading to emotional reactions;; Ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions Use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings-Older kids are better at this;;;Capacity for genuine empathy-Little children show empathy if they see someone crying, pat them, give them something. Older kids are actually able to ffeel what another person might be feeling in a situation.
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What are some consequences for children who experience trauma and disasters? How can we help children cope with these situations?
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Acute stress reactions-General reaction a child has immediately after the trauma but is short lived, few weeks.;;Depression';;Panic disorder;;Panic attacks. ;; Post-traumatic stress disorder Stressful responses that go on for a long time, 6 months or more.Rexperiencing the event, person may feel that they had an out of body experience. May become hypervigilant. Slight noise tweaks them
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How can we help children cope with trauma/disasters
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Reassure child of their safety and security.;;;Allow children to retell events and be patient in listening to them.;;;Encourage children to talk about any disturbing or confusing feelings,;;;Protect children from re-exposure to frightening situations and reminders of the trauma;; Help children make sense of what happened,
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what is the dose/response effect
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Higher the dose, the more severe the trauma, the more likely we have stress reaction.
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what is the three levels of moral thinking
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preconventional,conventional, postconventional
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preconventional level
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basic level-How children interpret events, whats good and whats bad based off responses to behavior. punished/ rewarded
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conventional level
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Apply standards set by others. We follow the law because it's the law. Our parents has said that's what we have to do.
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postconventional level
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We have a understanding that sometimes going against the norm, is ok because it just doesn't feel right. Human rights
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what is the domain theory
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Moral, social conventional, personal reasoning
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what is social conventional reasoning?
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Focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus to: Control behavior and maintain the social system
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what is prosocial behavior
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Behavioral aspects of moral development
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what is androgyny?
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Presence of positive masculine and feminine traits in the same person
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developmental changes with peers as they get older?
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Size of peer group increases;Peer interaction is less closely supervised by adults;Children's preference for same-sex peer groups
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what is the 5 peer statuses.
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popular children, average children, neglected children, rejected children, controversial children
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what is popular children and the subcatergies
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are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.;;;popular prosocial kids-good kids overall.;;popular antisocial kids-not good students but peers like them.
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what is average children
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receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers.
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what is neglected children
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are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.
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what is rejected children
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are infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
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what is controversial children
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are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.
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what is social cognition
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thoughts about social matters. important for understanding peer relationships
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Know how a child with maladaptive social cognition might respond to an ambiguous situation, such as being hit or knocked over during a soccer game.
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aggressive boys are more likely to perceive another child's actions as hostile when the child's intention is ambiguous. respond rapidly, less efficiently.
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what is bullying? who is most affected? what is the outcome?
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bullying is Verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful;;Boys and younger middle school students are most likely to be affected;;Outcomes of bullying---Depression, suicidal ideation, and attempted suicide
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what is the constructivist approach
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Learner-centered approach that emphasizes:Importance of individuals actively constructing their own knowledge and understanding
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what is direct instruction approach
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Structured, teacher-centered approach
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What are some reasons why low-SES, ethnic minority students are at-risk for academic difficulties.
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Young teachers with less experience; Fewer resources; parents dont set high academic standards; malnourished; shitty schools;
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How can we encourage positive relationships among students from diverse backgrounds?
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Turn the class into a jigsaw classroom;;Encourage students to have positive personal contact with diverse other students;;Reduce bias;;Be a competent cultural mediator;;View the school and community as a team
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what is mindset
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which she defines as the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves.
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what is fixed mindset?
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they believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change;
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what is growth mindset?
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they believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort.
