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when and how to express emotions emotional regulation

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The major psychosocial accomplishment of early childhood is learning________. This ability is called_____.

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initiative vs guilt self-concept pride

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Between 3 and 6 years of age, according to Erikson, children are in the stage of___ ____ ___.In the process, they develop a positive_____and feelings of _____in their accomplishments.

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attention neurological protective optimisim

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Children also develop a longer_____span that enables concentration which is made possible by____maturity. and they develop naive predictions called___ ____, which helps them try new things.

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guilt guilt shame internalized

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Erikson also believed that during this stage, children begin to feel_____when they realize their own mistakes. many people believe that___is a more mature emotion than___because the former emotion is______.

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intrinsically motivated imaginary friends

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For the most part, children enjoy leaning, playing and practicing for their own joy; that is they are____ _____. The importance of this type of motivation is seen when children invent and converse with___ ____.

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extrinsic motivation may diminish

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Motivation that comes from the outside is called____ ____.Providing reinforcement for something a person already enjoys doing___intrinsic motivation.

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is differ

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Emotional regulation_____valued in all cultures. Cultures_____in the emotions considered most in need of control

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psychopathology externalizing undercontrolled internalizing

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An illness or disorder that involves the mind is called_____. Children who have____problems and lash out at other people or things are said to be _____. Children who have____problems tend to be inhibited, fearful and withdrawn.

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externalize internalize genetic

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Girls generally are better than boys at regulating their_____emotions, but they are less successful with_____ones. For both sexes, though, extreme reactions predict future>>>>>>,

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prefrontal cortex 4 or 5

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Neurological advances in the brain's____ ____are partly responsible for the greater capacity for self control that occurs at about age_____.

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dysregulated emotions

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Neurological vulnerability and parents who maltreat them combine to lead to ___ ____.

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externalize internalize genetic

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neurological and hormonal effects may make boys more likely to______and girls more likely to_____a difference that it is probably.

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a. guilt depends on a sense of self, which is not sufficiently established in young children Erikso did not equate gender constancy with the emergence of guilt b and c and d, reflect the viewpoints of learning theory an Freud respectively

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According to Erikson, 3 yr old Samantha is incapable of feeling guilt because a. guilt depends on a sense of self, which is not sufficiently established in young children b. she does not yet understand that she is female for life c. this emotion is unlikely to have been reinforced at such an early age d. guilt is associated with the resolution of Electra complex, which occurs later in life

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internalizing overcontrolled (usually with maturity exteme fears and shyness diminish)

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3yr old Al , who is fearful and withdrawn, is displaying signs of _____problems which suggests that his is emotionally___

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prefrontal cortex

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Summarizing her report on neurological aspects of emotional regulations, alicia notes that young children who have internalizing problems tend to lack neurological maturity in the brains___ ____.

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peers age social status

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Young children play best with____that is, people of about the same___and____ _____.

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social physical setting

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As children grow older, play becomes more_____and more affected by their___ ____and culture.

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television sexual awareness

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Another cultural shift that has changed the nature of childrens play is the increasing prevalence of____, which has resulted in their displaying advance___ ____.

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Mildren Parten solitary onlooker parallel associative cooperative

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he developmentalist who distinguished five kins of play is_____. These include____play in which a child watches other children play____play in which children play together without interacting;____play in which children interact but their play is not yet mutual and reciprocal and ____play in which children play together anf take turns.

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peer self-concept rough-and-tumble is universal play face planning self control

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Active play correlates with_____acceptance and a healthy____. The type of active play that looks rough is called___-___-____play. A distinctive feature of this form of play, which ____is the positive facial expression that characterizes the "____ ___"This type of play advances _____and____.

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sociodramatic social roles self concept

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In____play, children act out various roles and plots in stories of their own creation. this type of play helps them to explore and rehearse_____ ____and t develop a______in a non threatening context for example.

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parallel

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Although bob and ann are sharing drawing materials and watching each other, their play is not yet mutual or reciprocal. Parten would probably classify this type of play as___play.

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parenting

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A significant influence on early psychosocial growth is the style of____that characterizes a childs family life.

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Baumrind warmth discipline communication maturity

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The early research on parenting styles, which was conducted by______found that parents varied in four dimensions: their expression of_____their strategies for____their____and their expectation for___.

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authoritarian low high low

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Parents who adopt the___-style demand unquestioning obedience from their children. In this style of parenting, nurturance tend to be___maturity demands are___and parent-child communication tends to be_____.

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permissive are well few

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Parents who adopt the_____style make few demands on their children and are lax in discipline. Such parent___nurturant, communicate____, and make____maturity demands.

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authoritative high well are

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Parent who adopt the____style set limits and enforce rules but also listen to their children. Such parents make_____maturity demands, communicate____and ___nurturant.

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neglectful/uninvolved

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Parents who are indifferent toward their children have adopted the____/_____style

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too simplistic authoritarian permissive authoritative

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Although this classification is generally regarded as____, follow up studies indicate that children raised by____parents are likely to be obedient but unhappy and those raised by ___parents are likely to lack self control. Those raised by ____parents are more likely to be articulate, successful, happy with themselves and generous with others.

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temperament

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An important factor in the effectiveness of parenting style is the childs____

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exerts warmth support and concern

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Culture____a strong influence on disciplinary techniques. However, discipline methods and family rules are less important than parental____.

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Socioeconomic time place

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_____factors may be more important than ethnic ones. Also, culture and family patterns change with____and____.

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violent

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All media can be harmful, especially when the content is

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television watching

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Six major American organization concerned with the well being of children urge parent to reduce___ ____

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three

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Most young children in US spend more than____hrs each day using some sort of media

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literacy reinforce

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The new media are not always harmful. Some children may learn basic___from education programs, especially if their parents watch them and ___-the lessons.

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displacement social educational

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According to the ____hypothesis whatever time children devote to electronic media reduces time spent in____and____activities.

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b. obedient but unhappy

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Yoland and Tom are strict and aloof parents. Their children are most likely to a. cooperative and trusting b. obedient but unhappy c. violent d. withdrawn and anxious

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d. adherence to stereotypical gender roles

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Which is NOT a feature of parenting used by Baumrind to differentiate authoritarian, permissive and authoritative parents? a. maturity demands for the childs conduct b. efforts to control the childs action c. nurturance d. adherence to stereotypical gender roles

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empathy prosocial behaviors antipathy antisocial behavior

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The ability to truly understand the emotions of another, called____often leads to sharing helping and other examples of___ ____. In contrast, dislike for others or____, may lead to actions that are destructive or deliberatly hurtful. Such actions are called___ ____.

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4 or 5 brain emotional theory of mind caregivers

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By age____,most children can be deliberately prosocial or antisocial. This occurs as a result of____maturation,____regulation,___ ___ ___and interactions with___.

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instrumental reactive relational bullying

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Developmentalists distinguish four types of aggression:_____used to obtain or retain an object or priviledge:_____used in angry retaliation against an intentional or accidental act committed by a peer:_____which takes the form of insults or social rejection and_____used in an unprovoked attack on a peer.

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instrumental aggression reactive aggression emotional regulation bullying aggression

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The form of aggression that often increases from age 2 to 6 is___ _____. Of greater concern are___ ___, because it can indicate a lack of___ ____and___ ____which is most worrisome overall.

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a. Remember theory of mind b. remember egocentrism c. remember fast mapping d. remember that young children are not logical

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State four specific recommendations for the use of discipline that are derived from developmental research findings.

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seems to increase temporarily increases

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Physical punishment____the possibility of long term aggression and____obedience.

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psychological control achievement creativity social

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Another method of discipline, in which childrens guilt and gratitude are used to control their behaviors is____ ___. this method of discipline has been liked to childrens decrease ____,_____and_____acceptance.

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Time-out one

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The disciplinary technique most often used in US is the_____-____, in which a misbehaving child is asked to sit quietly without toys or playmates. Experts suggest a period of_____minutes for each year of age.

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induction

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Another common practice involves the parents explaining to the child why the behavior was wrong called_____.

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c. will be effective in increasing prosocial behavior because it promotes empathy

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Seeking to discipline her 3 yr old son for snatching a playmates toy, Cassandra gently says "how would you feel if bob gabbed your car? Developmentalists would probably say that Cassandras approach a. is too permissive and would therefore be ineffective in th long run b. would probably be more effective with a girl c. will be effective in increasing prosocial behavior because it promotes empathy d. will back fire and threaten her sons self confidence

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instrumental

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When 4 year old Seema grabs fro Vincenzos beany baby Vincenzo slaps her hand away displaying an example of____aggression

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bullying

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5 yr old Curtis, who is above average in height and weight, often picks on children who are smaller than the is. Curtis behavior is an example of_____aggression.

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antipathy

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4 yr old Eboni shows signs of distrust toward strangers. Eboni's behavior is an example of_____.

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sex gender roles

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Social scientists distinguish between biological or_____differences between males and females and cultural or_____differences in the ___and behavior of males and females that are prescribed by the culture.

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2 4

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By age___, children can consistently apply gender labels. By age_____, children are convinced that certain toys are appropriate for one gender but not the other.

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phallic stage mothers father Oedipus complex superego

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Freud called the period from age 3 to 6 the____ ____. According to his view, boys in this stage develop sexual feelings about their___and become jealous of their_____. Freud called this phenomenon the____ ____. Boys also develop, in self defense, a powerful conscience called the_____.

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Electra complex

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During the phallic stage, little girls may experience the____ ____, in which they want to get rid of their mother and become intimate with their father.

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identification

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According to psychoanalytic theory, children of both sexes resolve their guilt and ear through____with their same sex parents.

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reinforced punished

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According to behaviorism, young children develop a sense of gender by being_____for behaviors deemed approporiate for their sex and___for behaviors deemed inappropriate.

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social learning

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Behaviorists also maintain that children learn gender-appropriate behavior not only through direct reinforcement but also through____ _____.

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understanding gender schema

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Cognitive theorist focus on childrens _____of male-female differences. This understanding is called a____ ___.

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evolutionary

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Sexual attraction is crucial for humankinds most basic urge, reproduction, according to _____theory.

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sociocultural social organization

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The behaviors appropriate for each gender are determined by culture, not by biology, according to the____-theory. This theory points out that some of the distinctions are tied to general patterns of ___ ___.

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evolutionary sociocultural changeable

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Therefore, ____theory would encourage male-female differences and-_____theory would conclude that sex differences are____if they interfere with other values.

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androgyny

answer

The idea that a person should combine the best of both sexes is referred to as

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a. identifying with her mother psychoanalytical theory states children identifies with same sex parent out of guilt in hating that parent

answer

Bonita eventually copes with the fear and anger she feels over her hatred of her mother and love of her father by a. identifying with her mother b. copying her brothers behavior c. adopting her fathers moral code d. competing with her brother for her fathers attention

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Electra complex

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A little girl who says she wants her mother to go on vacation so that she can marry her father is voicing a fantasy consistent with ____ ____described by Freud.

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behaviorism (reward and punishments)

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Leonardo believes that almost all sexual patterns are learned rather than inborn. He is clearly a strong adherent of____

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sociocultural theory children learn from culture not biology

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In explaining the origins of gender distinctions, dr notes that every culture teaches its children its values and attitudes regarding preferred behavior for men and women. Dr is evidently a proponent of____.

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