CH26 – Flashcard
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World War I dead numbered approximately a. three million. b. five million. c. seven million. d. ten million. e. fourteen million.
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D
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French policy toward a defeated Germany following World War I was guided by all of the following except a. a strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles. b. occupation of German industries in the Ruhr Valley. c. a strict collection of Germany's war reparations. d. a policy of passive resistance under Raymond Poincaré. e. the establishment of a series alliances with the new states of Eastern Europe.
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D
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Efforts to maintain European peace following World War I included a. a three-way alliance between Great Britain, France, and the Weimar Republic. b. the addition of an armed international security force to the League of Nations. c. an inherently weak system of alliances between France and the Little Entente. d. increased intervention by the United States in European political affairs. e. the belated United States decision to Join the League of Nations.
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C
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Following Germany's failure to pay its war reparations, France occupied Germany's Ruhr valley, resulting in a. a policy of passive resistance by the German government and German resort to printing money to pay war debts. b. an alliance concluded between Germany and Russia. c. the election of Raymond Poincaré's French government in 1924. d. an increase in the size of the German military. e. Germany's decision to leave the League of Nations.
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A
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The period of 1924-1929 in Europe witnessed a. a growing feeling of optimism for a peaceful future. b. the Great Depression destroy Europe's economy. c. a direct occupation of Germany by World War I's victorious powers. d. the western powers cut off all ties with Communist Russia. e. political instability with the collapse of Weimar Germany in the aftermath of the election of Adolph Hitler as chancellor in 1926.
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A
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The Treaty of Locarno a. created a military alliance between Britain and France in the event of renewed German aggression. b. established permanent borders between Germany and Poland and Czechoslovakia. c. guaranteed France and Belgium's postwar boundaries with Germany. d. facilitated France's withdrawal from the Rhur. e. a and b
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C
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A major cause of the Great Depression in Europe was a. European governments were too involved in their own economies. b. the recall of American loans from European markets. c. the underproduction and high prices of agricultural goods in eastern and central Europe. d. the inability of the League of Nations to set complementary economic policies in different global markets. e. Weimar Germany's high tariff policies that prohibited trade with other nations.
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B
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One significant effect of the Great Depression in Europe was a. the complete destruction of Communist parties. b. huge unemployment rates in all nations but Great Britain. c. the strengthening of liberal, democratic movements in the 1930s. d. the rise of authoritarian movements in many areas of Europe. e. the growth of free trade in order to spur economic recovery.
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D
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Even during the 1920s, unemployment in Britain never was below a. 5 percent. b. 7 percent. c. 10 percent. d. 12 percent. e. 16 percent.
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C
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The first Popular Front government in France a. solved the depression by eliminating workers' benefits. b. gave ordinary workers new rights and benefits including a minimum wage. c. was able to end the problems of economic depression. d. collapsed in 1926, allowing Raymond Poincaré's Cartel of the Left to take power. e. remained in power until the German invasion of 1942.
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B
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The nation that achieved the greatest rise in real wages between 1900 and 1939 in any European country was a. Germany. b. France. c. Poland. d. Sweden. e. Switzerland.
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D
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Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal policies in the United States a. were successful by 1932. b. virtually eliminated unemployment. c. brought about government ownership of most industries. d. brought about a partial economic recovery, but full employment did not return until World War II's rearmament in the economy. e. were all declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
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D
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All of the following are correct about the European nations and their colonial empires during the interwar years except a. despite World War I, the Europeans had maintained their colonial empires. b. Britain and France had added to their empires by dividing up many of Germany's colonial possessions. c. the political and social foundations and the self-confidence of European imperialism was strengthened during the 1920s and 1930s. d. the political and social foundations and the self-confidence of European imperialism was undermined during the 1920s and 1930s. e. there was a rising tide of unrest in the colonial world against Western imperialism.
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C
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The Middle Eastern Muslim nation that made a conscious effort to adopt a Westernized secular culture after World War I was a. Egypt. b. Iraq. c. Saudi Arabia. d. Palestine. e. Turkey
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E
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Other than Great Britain, in 1939 the only other major democratic state in Europe was a. the United States. b. Poland. c. Spain. d. France. e. Italy.
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D
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Most post-World War I European societies were divided on a. regional lines. b. class lines. c. racial lines. d. religious lines. e. rural lines.
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B
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All of the following are correct about women in Europe after World War I except a. they were forced out of jobs when the soldiers returned home. b. many younger women had no marital prospects because of the deaths of millions of men. c. because of a high birth rate, governments encourages abortions and birth control devices. d. because of a declining population, many governments outlawed abortion and birth control devices. e. politicians encouraged women to return to their traditional roles of wives and mothers.
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C
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The totalitarian regimes of Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union a. pursued vastly different foreign policies. b. held each other in disdain. c. hoped to control every aspect of their citizens' lives. d. retained power due to the charisma of their leaders. e. established a formal alliance directed against laissez-faire liberal capitalism.
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C
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The first Fascist state in Europe was a. Spain. b. Germany. c. Russia. d. Italy. e. France.
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D
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The growth of Mussolini's Fascist movement was aided by a. the reaction against Italy's communist government, formed after World War I. b. popular, nationalistic resentment toward Italy's treatment following World War I. c. crop failures in 1920 and 1921. d. economic cooperation between Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union. e. the fall of the Italian monarchy and the establishment of a workers' dictatorship.
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B
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Squadristi were a. the closest advisors of Mussolini. b. armed bands of fascists who used violence to intimidate enemies. c. elite soldiers of the Fascist state. d. officers in the Italian military. e. military opponents of Mussolini.
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B
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The institutional framework of Mussolini's Fascist dictatorship a. lacked a secret police force. b. included highly popular and well attended Fascists youth organizations. c. was primarily aimed at aiding the workers and peasants. d. never created the degree of totalitarian control found in Russia and Germany in the 1930s. e. was the most successful of the authoritarian states that appeared in Europe in the interwar years.
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D
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Women in Mussolini's Fascist Italy were a. coerced into factory work to aid industrial production. b. regarded as equal to men in social status. c. largely forced through government legislation to become homemakers. d. aided by the government's emphasis on birth control. e. required under pain of imprisonment to join the Black Shirts.
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C
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The Lateran Accords of 1929 a. nationalized all church property. b. recognized Catholicism as the sole religion of Italy. c. marked the Catholic church's official condemnation of the Fascist state. d. eliminated government support for the Catholic church. e. turned the property of the Vatican over to the Italian government in exchange for tax reductions.
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B
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During the 1920s, Germany's Weimar Republic experienced all of the following except a. lacked outstanding politicians. b. suffered from uprisings by both left and right. c. massive inflation. d. never joined the League of Nations. e. French occupation of the Ruhr.
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D
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The city in which Hitler spent his formative years and developed his fundamental ideas was a. Berlin. b. Munich. c. Frankfort. d. Hamburg. e. Vienna.
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E
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Mein Kampf a. depicted Hitler's plan to take power through a massive rebellion. b. was autobiographical, setting forth Hitler's ideology of Aryan supremacy and anti-Semitism. c. excluded any trace of Hitler's anti-Semitism. d. was immediately seen by German politicians as the dangerous work of a madman. e. immediately became a best-seller throughout Europe including the Soviet Union.
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B
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The Nazis proved to be effective in the realm of politics by a. securing many small donations from large German corporations. b. making the Nazi program appeal to every segment of German society. c. persuading the average German that their program was the only alternative to the inept Weimar regime. d. forcing the poorer Germans to vote for Nazi candidates through intimidation. e. unconstitutionally seizing power by force.
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B
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The most famous and spectacular of the Nazi mass demonstrations were held in the city of a. Berlin. b. Munich. c. Augsburg. d. Hamburg. e. Nuremberg.
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E
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Economic and labor conditions in Nazi Germany were characterized by a. nationalization of all major industries. b. a confused and chaotic effort to create Nazi trade unions. c. persistently high rates of unemployment until the outbreak of World War Two. d. controlling the working classes through the Nazi-sponsored German Labor Front. e. pursuing a laissez-faire economic policy in reaction to the threat of Soviet communism.
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D
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Hitler's anti-Semitic policies in the 1930s a. included the Nuremberg laws, which centered on the forced emigration of all Jews from Germany. b. were emulated in France by the Popular Front. c. did not exclude Jews from legal, medical, and teaching positions. d. would remain minimal and unorganized until World War II. e. reached their most violent phase during Kristallnacht, with attacks on Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues.
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E
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The Nazi policies toward women a. differed fundamentally from those of Fascist Italy. b. eliminated females from all professional occupations. c. were aimed at bridging the differences between the sexes. d. claimed that through childbearing and service in the home women would bring about the triumph of the Aryan race. e. was to organize all adult women in the German Homemakers Front.
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D
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The only eastern European nation to maintain political democracy throughout the 1930s was a. Bulgaria. b. Yugoslavia. c. Poland. d. Hungary. e. Czechoslovakia.
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E
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The dominant form of government in Eastern Europe in the 1920s and 1930s was a. authoritarianism. b. Russian Soviet-style Communism. c. parliamentary democracy. d. Christian Socialism. e. totalitarian Fascism.
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A
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The Spanish Civil War ended with the victory of a. King Alfonso XIII and General Miguel Primo de Rivera. b. an antifascist coalition, aided by Soviet troops and supplies. c. the National Front, aided by Italian and German arms and money. d. Francisco Franco, who established a conservative, authoritarian, and anti-democratic regime with the backing of the Spanish Catholic Church. e. the Popular Front.
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D
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Lenin's New Economic Policy in the early 1920s a. put Russia on the path of rapid industrialization at the expense of the peasantry. b. was a modified form of the capitalist system. c. forced Communism to move forward as both industry and agriculture were nationalized. d. failed to reverse the patterns of famine and industrial collapse that began in 1921. e. established giant collective farms.
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B
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Joseph Stalin's emergence as leader of the Communist party was aided by a. Lenin's recommendation that he become sole leader. b. his alliance with Trotsky and the Right in the Politburo. c. his position as general secretary of the Bolshevik party. d. strong support of the left in the Politburo, which favored the spread of Communism abroad. e. the support of the Soviet military.
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C
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The Stalinist era in the 1930s witnessed a. the decline of industrialization in favor of the collectivization of agriculture. b. real wages and social conditions for the industrial labor force improve dramatically. c. millions of ordinary citizens arrested and sent into force labor camps. d. an abundance of permissive social legislation. e. an activist foreign and military policy, bent upon immediately making Eastern Europe a satellite region to the Soviet Union.
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C
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The collectivization of agriculture under Stalin was characterized by a. was a failure, and the peasants quickly returned to their private plots. b. the cooperation of kulaks. c. the destruction of the collective farms. d. immediate financial benefits for most of the peasants. e. widespread famine.
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E
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Among the positive achievements of the Stalinist era in the Soviet Union was a. increased consumer goods. b. more educational opportunities. c. greater individual employment choices in both agriculture and industry. d. more economic freedom under Stalin's New Economic Policy. e. abortion rights and birth control devices were supported by Stalin's government
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B
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The new forms of mass communication and leisure created between the wars included all except a. cinema becoming an increasingly popular form of entertainment. b. Fascist nations them for propaganda purposes. c. radio production and broadcasting companies increasing dramatically. d. the widespread use of television in most middle class homes. e. the automobile becoming a common method of travel for the middle classes
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D
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"Strength through Joy" a. was one of the most effective Nazi propaganda films to be made by German actors, producers, and directors corrupted by Hitler's ideology. b. was Fascist Italy's most popular national recreation agency. c. monitored and homogenized the leisure time of the German workers. d. failed miserably in its attempts to draw German workers to vacation package tours. e. was Spain's Franco's attempt to emulate the popular propaganda movements of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.
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C
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Artistic and intellectual trends in the inter-war years reflected a. a rejection of the avant-garde. b. a disillusionment with Western Civilization provoked by the horrors of the World War I. c. realistic forms of art, as with the Dadaists. d. an acceptance of modern art forms, especially in Germany and Russia. e. a rediscovery of Romantic Realism as the major art movement in the West.
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B
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The most famous of the Surrealistic painters was a. Arnold Schonberg. b. Pablo Picasso. c. Walter Gropius. d. Jackson Pollack. e. Salvador Dali.
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E
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The Dada movement in art was known for all of the following except a. an expressed contempt for Western culture. b. an effort to put a clear sense of purpose and ambition back into art and life. c. "anti-art" and the mockery of all known, traditional forms of artistic expression. d. a celebration of chaos and the absurd, often expressed in bizarre performances and collages of unrelated objects. e. popular in Berlin during the Weimar years.
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B
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Walter Gropius was best known for his a. "socialist realism" paintings. b. atonal, experimental music. c. revolutionary directions in theater. d. post-modern architectural designs. e. ideas of functionalism in architecture.
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E
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Culture in Nazi Germany centered around a. the use of modern, abstract forms to reflect Germany's "new order." b. the functionalism of the Bauhaus school. c. petty-bourgeois art, with sentimental and realistic scenes glorifying strong, heroic Aryans. d. religious scenes influenced by Catholic dogma. e. military themes at the expense of all other subjects.
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C
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Not associated with the new literary techniques of the 1920's was a. the "stream of consciousness." b. James Joyce. c. Herman Hesse. d. Ernest Rutherford. e. Virginia Woolf.
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D
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The physicist Walter Heisenberg was most noted for a. proposing that uncertainty was at the bottom of all physical laws. b. being among the first team to split the atom. c. resurrecting the scientific predictability of classical physics. d. the development of the atomic bomb. e. correcting Einstein's errors in the latter's theory of relativity.
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A
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All of the following concepts were central to the psychological theories of Carl Jung except a. the collective unconscious. b. the process of individuation. c. the uncertainty principle. d. universal archetypes. e. the importance of universal myths.
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C
