Ch18 – Endocrine System – Flashcards
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Addison disease
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Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex; decreased secretion of aldosterone and cortisol. Causes malaise, weakness and muscle atrophy, loss of fluids and electrolytes; due to autoimmune adrenalitis; treatment cortisone and salts or synthetic aldosterone
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Adenectomy
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Removal of a gland.
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Adenohypophysis
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Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Hormones: GH, TSH, ACTH, Gonadotropic hormones: FSH, LH, PRL
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ADH
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vasopressin) leading to water retention.
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Adrenal cortex
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Outer section of each adrenal gland. Secretes 3 types of corticosteroids: Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids and Sex hormones;;; Hypersecretion: adrenal virilism, cushing syndrome; Hyposecretion: Addison disease
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Adrenal Gland
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glands on top of the kidneys; consists of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla
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Adrenal medulla
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Inner section of each adrenal gland. Secretes two types of catecholamine hormones: Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline);;; Hypersecretion: Pheochromocytoma; no hyposecretion
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Adrenal virilism
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Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens. Caused by adrenal hyperplasia or adrenal adenomas or carcinomas in adult women; signs: amenorrhea, hirsutism (excessive hair on face and body), acne;treat with drug therapy
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Adrenalectomy
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Removal of an adrenal gland.
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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Adrenocorticotropin; Secretion from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; Stimulates the growth of the adrenal cortex and increases its secretion of steroid hormones mainly Cortisol.
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Adrenopathy
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Disease of the adrenal glands.
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Aldosterone
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Hormone (steroid/mineralocorticoid) secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salt and water balance;
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Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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an indicator of thryoid function, but not in current use
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Calcitonin
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Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; lowers calcium levels in the blood.
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Catecholamines
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Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)is an example.
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cholecystokinin
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Secreted by Gastrointestinal tract (endocrine tissue) contracts gallbaldder
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Corticosteroids
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Complex chemicals (Hormones) derived from cholesterol secreted by the adrenal cortex Ex: Glucocorticoids-Cortisol and Cortisone;Mineralocorticoids-aldosterone and Sex hormones-Androgens and estrogens;
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Cortisol
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(a sugar) A glucocorticoid-steroid Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates the use of sugars, fats, and proteins in cells. Increases blood sugar.
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Cortisone
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A glucocorticoid-steroid Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; treats inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis; can be prepared synthetically
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Cretinism
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Hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leading to a lack of normal physical and mental growth. Treatment: give thyroid hormone
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Cushing syndrome
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Group of symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex; obesity, hyperglycemia, excess fat deposition in the body. High levels of exogenous cortisol (cortisone administration) can produce similar results. Caused by chronic use of cortisone drugs
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Diabetes mellitus DM and IDDM (insulin dependant)
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Lack of insulin secretion; (Insulin deficiency) (Type 1-autoimmune) or improper utilization of insulin by cells; (Type 2); incl: insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome; Due to malfunction of cells in the pancreas leading to a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in cells. Leads to Hyperglycemia (Type 1) and ketoacidosis;; Secondary complications: diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, ahterosclerosis, gastroparesis, gestational diabetes; characterized by polyuria
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Dwarfism
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Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. Hypopituitary dwarfism-bones remain small but not deformed
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Endemic goiter
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet.
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Epinephrine (adrenaline)
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Catecholamine Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure, dialates bonchial tubes and releases glucose (sugars) from glycogen (storage substance) when the body needs it for energy. It is a sympathomimetic.
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Estradiol
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Estrogen secreted by teh ovaries
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Estrogenic
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Pertaining to the producing of female characteristics or having the same effect as estrogen.
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Euthyroid
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Normal thyroid function.
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Exophthalmometry
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Measurement of eyeball protrusion with an exophthalmeter
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Exophthalmos
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Protrusion of the eyeball (proptosis); symptom of hyperthyroidism.
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Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)/ fasting blood sugar test (FBS)
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Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours (4 for sugar). This test can diagnose diabetes mellitus.
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Follicle-stimulating Hormone FSH
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Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; Stimulates growth of eggs in ovaries (oogenesis), production of hormones and ovulation; Influences the production of sperm (spermatogenesis)
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Gastrin
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stimulates gastric secretion; secreted by gastrointestinal tract
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Gastroparesis
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Loss of motility of the stomach muscles, occurring as a long-term secondary complication of diabetes mellitus- Type II.
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Gigantism
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Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues.
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Glands
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located in many regions of the body release hormones (chemical messengers) into the blood stream
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Glucagon
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Hormone secreted by the pancreas (alpha islet cells); increases blood glucose (sugar) by conversion of glycogen to glucose.
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Glucocorticoid
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Sterioid hormone (corticosteroid)(cortisol and cortisone) secreted by the adrenal cortex; raises blood sugar ad reduces tissue inflammation
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Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
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measures ability to respond to a glucose load; a test for diabetes; Measures the glucose levels in a blood sample taken at various intervals from a patient who has previously ingested glucose.
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Glycemic
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Pertaining to blood sugar.
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glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)or (A1c)
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measures long term (last 3 months) glucose control
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Goiter
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland. Occurs in places where there is lack of iodine in diet
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Gonadotropic hormones/ gonadotropins
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Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; influence the growth an hormone secretion of the ovaries and testes. Include: FSH and LH; Prolactin PRL; Deficiency produces hypogonadism
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Graves disease
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Hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis. This is the most common type of hyperthyroidism. Increase heart rate, higher body temps, hyperactivity, weight loss and increased peristalsis (diarrhea); Causes exophthalmos/proptosis: protrusion of the eyeballs; treat with antithyroid drugs
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Growth hormone (GH); somatotropin
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Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; Somatotropin. Promotes protein synthesis that Stimulates the growth of bones and soft tissues. Increases blood glucose levels
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Hashimoto Thyroiditis
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features autoimmune destruction of the thyroid, leading to hypothyroidism
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Hirsutism
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Excessive hair growth.
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Homeostasis
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Tendency in an organism to return to a state of constancy and stability.
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Hormonal
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Pertaining to a hormone.
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Hormone
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Chemical secreted by an endocrine gland, each have their own receptors
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Hypercalcemia
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High levels of calcium in the bloodstream; often due to hyperparathyroidism.
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Hypercalciuria
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High levels of calcium in urine.
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Hyperinsulinism
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Increased secretion of insulin from the beta islet cells of the pancreas. Causes hypoglycemia
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Hyperparathyroidism
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Excessive production of parathormone from the parathyroid glands. Leads to hypercalcemia. Bones become decalsified, kidney stones; Caused by parathyroid hyperplasia or parathyroid tumor; treatment: resection of the overactive tissue, medical therapy, drugs
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Hyperthyroidism/ thyrotoxicosis
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Over-activity of the thyroid gland; Causes Graves Disease
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Hypocalcemia
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Low levels of calcium in the blood.
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Hypogonadism
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Deficient functioning of the gonads (ovaries or testes).
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Hypoinsulinism
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Deficient production of insulin (pancreatic hormone).
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Hypokalemia
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Low levels of potassium in the blood. Seen in acute renal failure, massive trauma and major burns
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Hypoparathyroidism
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Decreased secretion of parathormone from the parathyroid glands.(tetany results)
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Hypophysectomy
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Removal of the pituitary gland.
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Hypopituitarism
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Deficient secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. Causes pituitary Dwarfism
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Hypothyroidism
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Decreased secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. Advanced is Myxedema; Childhood is Cretinism
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Ketoacidosis
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High levels of acids (ketones) in the blood; occurring in diabetes mellitus (type 2) when cells burn high levels of fats (producing ketones) because sugar is not available as fuel.
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Luteinizing hormone
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Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the ovaries to release eggs (ovulation) and testosterone secretion
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Melatonin
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Secreted by the Pineal gland; Induces sleep and affects mood
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Mineralocorticoids
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A corticosteroid secreted by the adrenal cortex; Aldosterone is an example. It regulates the concentration of mineral salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body
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Myxedema
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Advanced Hypofunctioning of the thyroid gland in adults. Avanced Hypothyroidism; mucus-like material accumulates under the skin; Atrophy of the thyroid gland occurs
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Neurohypophysis
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Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; secretes oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (ADH). They are synthesized in the hypothalamus
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Nodular goiter/adenomatous goiter
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to growth of nodules (adenomas) on the thyroid gland. Causes hyperplasia; can develop hyperthyroidism-rapid pulse, tremors, excessive sweating; treat with thyroid-blocking drugs or radioactive iodine
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Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
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Catecholamine Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure. part of the fight or flight reaction. It is a sympathomimetic.
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Pancreas
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Endocrine (islet cells) and exocrine (enzyme producing cells) gland behind the stomach. Islets of Llangerhans produce insulin and glucagon; Secretes enzymes into small intestine to aid digestion;;; Hypersecretion: hyperinsulinism; Hyposecretion: Diabetes mellitus
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Pancreatectomy
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Excision of the pancreas.
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Panhypopituitarism
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Deficiency of all pituitary gland hormones.
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Parathormone
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Secreted by the parathyroid glands; regulates calcium in the blood.
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Parathyroid glands
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Four small endocrine glands on the posterior side of the thyroid gland. Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH); Hypersecretion: hyperparathyroidism (osteoporosis, kidney stones); Hopsecretion: Hypoparathyroidism (tetany, hypocalcemia)
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parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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or Parathormone; secreted by the parathyroid glands; raises blood calcium
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Parathyroidectomy
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Removal of parathyroid glands.
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Pheochromocytoma
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Benign tumor of the adrenal medulla; cells stain a dark (phe/o) or dusky color (chrom/o). Produce excess secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine; treatment: antihypertensive drugs and surgical removal of tumor
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Pineal gland
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Small endocrine gland in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin. Linked to (SAD) Seasonal affective disorder; inhibited by sunlight, increases when sun deprived; calcification of the gland can occur
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Polydipsia
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Excessive thirst. Associated with Diabetes
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Progesterone
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Hormone secreted by the ovaries; prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy.
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Prolactin (PRL)
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Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; Stimulates breast development durin pregnancy and promotes milk secretion after.
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Prostaglandins
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Hormone-like substances; Found in semen but in other cells of the body; Stimulate the contraction of the uterus, regulate body temperature, platelet aggregation, and acid secretion in the stomach, can lower blood pressure
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Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)
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Test to measure the amount of radioactive iodine taken up by the thyroid gland; indicator of thyroid gland function. Administered orally
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Radioimmunoassay
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measures hormone levels in plasma
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Receptor
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Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone to elicit a response by the targeted tissue. How hormones produce their effects
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Secretin
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secreted by Gastrointestinal tract; stimulates pancreatic enzymes
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Sella turcica
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Cavity in the base of the skull; contains the pituitary gland.
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Serum and urine tests
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measurement of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicatiors of endocrine function
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Steroid
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Complex substance related to fat (sterols; many hormones are steroids (estrogens, androgens, cortisol, aldosterone).
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Sympathomimetic
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Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system; adrenaline(epinephrine) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) are sympathomimetic hormones.
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Syndrome of inappropriate (SIADH)
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Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) leading to water retention.
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Target tissue
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Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones.
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Testes
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responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion
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Testosterone
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Androgen (male steroid Hormone) secreted by the testes. Stimulates development of sperm and promotes growth and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
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Tetany
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Constant muscle contractions; associated with hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism.
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Tetraiodothyronine
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Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that increases body metabolism; thyroxine (T4).
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Thymosin
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produced by the Thymus Gland; important in development of immune responses in newborns. Large in childhood, shrinks in adulthood; can cause myasthenia gravis an autoimmune neurologic-muscular disorder. Removal of the gland can help it.
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Thymus Gland
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behind the sternum in the mediastinum; contains lymphatic tissue and T cell lymphocytes; produces thymosin
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Thyroid carcinoma
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Malignant tumor of the thyroid gland.(papillary and follicular are types) they are slow growing; Find by radioactive iodine scans; treat by thyroidectomy with lymph node removal
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Thyroid function tests (TFT)
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Measurement of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the bloodstream.
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Thyroid gland
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Endocrine gland in the neck on either side of the trachea. Secretes thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) Synthesized by Iodine;; Hypersecretion: Exophthalmic goiter (Graves diseae, thyrotoxicosis), Nodular (adenomatous) goiter;;Hyposecretion: Cretinism (children), Endemic goiter, Mysedema (adults)
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Thyroid scan
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Intravenous Administration of a radioactive compound and visualization of the thyroid gland with a scanning device.
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone TSH; Thyrotropin
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Hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary gland; Stimulates Thyroid,an endocrine gland in the neck and secretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
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Thyroiditis
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Inflammation of the thyroid gland. Signs of hyperthyroidism but destruction will lead ot hypothyroidism
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Thyrotoxicosis
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Hyperthyroidism (overactivity of the thyroid gland). Sweating, weight loss, tachycardia, and nervousness
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Thyroxine (T4)
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Tetraiodothyronine - Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland to increase body metabolism . Increases metabolism in body cells
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Triiodothyronine (T3)
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Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland (contains three atoms of iodine); stimulates body metabolism;
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Ultrasound examination
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Sound waves show images of endocrine organs
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Vitamin D
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Secreted by skin; affects absorption of calcium
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Lymphocytes
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White blood cells that develop primarily in lymph nodes and the spleen and fight against foreign organisms
