question

any ecosystem with a high density of trees

answer

Forest

question

= in Canada, Scandinavia, and Russia

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Boreal forest

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South and Central America, Africa, Indonesia, and southeast Asia

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Tropical rainforest

question

ecosystems with lower density of trees

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Woodlands

question

are defined by predominant tree species

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Forest types

question

Great Smokey Mountain National Park - There are scattered small pockets of rainforest areas that exist along the Appalachian mountains from N. Georgia to New England

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Temperate Rainforest

question

The Eastern U.S. has __ forest types Spruce-fir, oak-hickory, longleaf-slash pine

answer

10

question

The Western U.S. holds ___ forest types Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, pinyon-juniper woodlands

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13

question

The world's forests store ___ billion metric tons of C

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280

question

a carminative that aids in expelling gas to relieve colic

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Allspice

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a palm tree; produces an alkaloid arecoline, from seed extract, has the ability to destroy & repel worms in animals

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Areca

question

poplar bears buds coated with gooey, fragrant substance called "balm-of-Gilead," an expectorant and a constituent of cold medicine. Also, it keeps ointment from going rancid. Topically applied, helps to heal wounds

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Balsam poplar

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grayish, fluffy bark. When wounded, it exudes a white, aromatic gum universally known as gum benzoin. A productive expectorant when used in medicine. As the compound called, tincture of benzoin, it relieves bronchitis when employed in a steam inhaler.

answer

Benjamin

question

possess concentrations of salicylic acid, the predecessor of aspirin (Willows possess this acid as well)

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Birch

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An extractive of its bark, camphor acts as a counterirritant when included in ointments for relieving muscle pain.

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Camphor

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a small tree called cascara buckthorn, , when bark is dried and ground into a fine powder, it's used as an effective laxative or purgative

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Cascara

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the clearing and loss of forests Changes landscapes and ecosystems Reduces biodiversity Worsens climate change Disrupts ecosystem services Ruins civilizations

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Deforestation

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natural forest uncut by people Little remained by the 20th century

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Primary forest

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grown to partial maturity after old-growth timber has been cut

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Second-growth trees

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contains second-growth trees Smaller trees, very different species and structure

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Secondary forest

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corporations pay the government for the right to extract resources Temporary jobs are soon lost, along with the resources Wood is exported to North America and Europe

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Concession

question

foreign corporations have deforested millions of acres of tropical rainforest Affecting 22 tribes of hunter-gatherers The government did not consult the tribes

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Malaysia

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used in snack foods, soaps, cosmetics, biofuel Borneo has lost most of its forest cover Clearing encourages further development and illegal logging

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Palm oil

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rainforests are rapidly declining. ~ 900,000 hectares every year. The problem is not as simple as discovering a technical solution

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borneo's

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organizations team up to reduce deforestation and illegal logging

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Conservation concessions

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curb deforestation and climate change Forest loss causes 12-25% greenhouse gas emissions The Kyoto Protocol does not address this

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Carbon offsets

question

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation From the 2009 Copenhagen climate conference Wealthy nations would pay poor nations to conserve forests Poor nations would gain income, while rich nations would receive carbon credits to offset their emissions

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REDD

question

(silviculture) = forest management Sustainable forest management is spreading

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Forestry

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professional managers who must balance demand for forest products (short-term benefits) vs. the importance of forests as ecosystems (long term)

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Foresters

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strategies to manage and regulate potentially renewable resources Sustainable management does not deplete resources Managers are influenced by social, political, and economic factors

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Resource management

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aims to achieve the maximum amount of resource extraction without depleting the resource from one harvest to the next

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Maximum sustainable yield

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the max. pop. size of a species that a given environment can sustain

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Carrying Capacity

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managing resource harvesting to minimize impacts on ecosystems and ecological processes

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Ecosystem-based management

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testing different approaches and aiming to improve methods through time Monitoring results and adjusting methods as needed Time-consuming and complicated, but effective

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Adaptive management

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The 1994 _______ resolved disputes between loggers and preservationists over the last U.S. old-growth temperate rainforests The plan let science guide management It allowed limited logging while protecting species and ecosystems (i.e., Northern Spotted Owl)

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Northwest Forest Plan

question

public lands set aside to grow trees, produce timber, protect watersheds, and ensure future timber supplies 77 million ha (191 million acres)—8% of U.S. land area

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National forest system

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established in 1905 Manages forests for "the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run" Gifford Pinchot believed conservation included, planting trees as well as harvesting trees

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The U.S. Forest Service

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all trees are the same age

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Even-aged stands

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trees are cut after a certain time The land is replanted

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Rotation time

question

mixed ages of trees and species

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Uneven-aged stands

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a few seed-producing trees are left standing to reseed the logged area

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Seed-tree approach

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some trees are left to provide shelter for the seedlings as they grow

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Shelterwood approach

question

only select trees are cut

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Selection systems

question

widely spaced trees are cut

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Single tree selection

question

small patches of trees are cut

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Group tree selection

question

national forests are to be managed for recreation, habitat, minerals, and other uses In reality, timber production is the primary use

answer

Multiple use policy

question

1976 Mandated that every national forest draft plans for renewable resource management. Consider both economic and environmental factors Provide for and protect regional diversity Ensure research and monitoring of management Permit only sustainable harvest levels Ensure that profit alone does not guide harvest method Protect soils and wetlands Assess all impacts before logging to protect resources

answer

The National Forest Management Act

question

timber cuts that mimic natural events Sloppy clear-cuts mimic windstorms

answer

New forestry

question

housing developments that are near forests are vulnerable to forest fires

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wildland-urban interface

question

= burning areas of forests under carefully controlled conditions Clear away fuel loads, nourish soil with ash, encourage growth of new vegetation Are time-intensive Are impeded by public misunderstanding and political interference

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Prescribed (controlled) burns

question

(2003) = promotes removal of small trees, underbrush, and dead trees Passed in response to forest fires

answer

Healthy Forests Restoration Act

question

products produced sustainably can be certified by organizations

answer

Sustainable forest certification

question

) has the strictest standards Companies such as Home Depot sell sustainable wood, encouraging better logging practices Consumers look for logos to buy sustainably produced timber

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Forest Stewardship Council

question

public lands protected from resource extraction and development Open to nature appreciation and recreation Yellowstone National Park was established in 1872

answer

National parks

question

(1906) lets thepresident declare public lands asnational monuments Which may later become national parks

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The Antiquities Act

question

Created in 1916 to administer parks and monuments 392 sites totaling 34 million ha (84 million acres) Includes national historic sites, national recreation areas, national wild and scenic rivers 285 million visitors in 2009

answer

The National Park Service

question

Administers wildlife refuges, serving as havens But allows hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, photography, and education Managed for waterfowl and non-game species Restores marshes and grasslands

answer

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

question

are off-limits to development

answer

Wilderness areas

question

individuals and industries opposed to environmental protection want: To protect private property, oppose government regulation Federal lands transferred to state or private hands Motorized recreation on public lands Farmers, ranchers, loggers, mineral, & fossil fuel industries

answer

The wise-use movement

question

local or regional organizations that purchase land to protect it. Trusts own 690,000 ha (1.7 million acres) and protect an additional 4.1 million ha (10.2 million acres)

answer

Land trusts

question

is the world's largest land trust

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The Nature Conservancy

question

_____, Wyoming is protected by a land trust

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Jackson Hole

question

areas protected on paper but not in reality

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Paper parks

question

land with exceptional biodiversity Couple preservation with sustainable development Benefit local people

answer

Biosphere reserves

question

protected land overlapping national borders Over 100 nations, 10% of protected land

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Transboundary parks

question

transboundary parks that ease tensions by acting as buffers between quarreling nations Costa Rica and Panama It may work for Israel and its neighbors

answer

Peace parks

question

conditions along a fragment's edge are different than conditions in the interior Interior bird species can't reproduce when forced near the edge of a fragment Parasites and predators attack nests

answer

Edge effects

question

is the main reason populations of North American songbirds are declining

answer

Fragmentation

question

explains how species come to be distributed among oceanic islands It also applies to "habitat islands" = patches of one habitat within "seas" of others. The number of island species results from a balance between species added (immigration) versus lost (extirpation)

answer

Island biogeography theory

question

large islands have more species than small They have more habitats, environments, and variety

answer

Area effect

question

the farther an island is from the continent, the fewer species find and colonize it

answer

Distance effect

question

the number of species on an island doubles as island size increases tenfold Protected parks are small "islands" surrounded by development (farms, roads, cities)

answer

Species-area curves

question

which is better to protect species: a single large or several small reserves? Depends on the species: tigers vs. insects

answer

SLOSS dilemma

question

protected land that allows animals to travel between islands of habitat Animals get more habitat Enables gene flow between populations

answer

Corridors

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