Ch11 AP Human Geography SA – Flashcards
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organic agriculture
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productions of crops without use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers
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primary economic activies
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economic activities that involve extraction of economically valuable products from the earth including agriculture, ranching, hunting, and gathering forest mining and quarying
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secondary economic activities
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activities that take a primary activities and change them into something else such as toys, ships, processed foods, chemicals, and buildings
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tertiary economic activities
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service industries that connect producers to consumers and facilitate commerce and trade or help people meet their needs: doctors, bankers, lawyers
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quaternary economic activities
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economic activities that exchange money or goods
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quinary economic activities
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economic activities are tied to research or high education
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plant domestication
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the growing of specific crops
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root crops
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crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants
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first agricultural revolution
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cultivation of seed crops marked the Beggining of this
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seed crops
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plants that are reproduced by cultivating seeds
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animal domestication
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domesticating animals for uses such as diary cows
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subsistence agriculture
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growing only enough food to survive - norm throughout history -
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shifting cultivation
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subsistence farmers who move from land to land once the soil became infertile
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slash-and-burn agriculture
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reflecting the central role of the controlled use of fire in places where this technique is used. Trees are cut down and all existing vegetation is burned off. The layer of ash formed causes fertility of the land
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Von Thunen model
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there is the central city; then in the outskirts of the city there are farmers who grow perishable items with high cost because the land is expensive but transportation is short because it is so close to city. Then further out there is forest. then grain farms and finally ranching. because the most perishable items are closest because it is the least transportation. Area furthest from city is cheapest
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Second Agricultural Revolution
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innovations and improvements in technique. needed to feed thousands of people working in factories. new technologies such as seed drill, fertilizer, artificial feed
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green revolution/third agricultural revolution
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began 1930s - creation of hybrid seeds, better fertilizer, better planting and harvesting machiens
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genetically modified organisms
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hybrid crops and cross breading of animals
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rectangular survey system
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prevailing survey system throughout much of the US
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township and range system
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designed to facilitate the movement of non-Indians evenly across farmlands of the US interior.
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metes and bounds survey
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approach adopted along the eastern seaboard, natural features were used to demarcate irregular parcels of land
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long-lot survey system
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divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals. Reflects particular approach to surveying that was common in french America
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primogeniture
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all land passes to the eldest son
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commercial agriculture
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term used to describe large-scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and latest technology
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monoculture
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dependence on a single agricultural commodity
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Koppen climate classification
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system for classifying world's climates on the basis of temperature and percipitation
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climate regions
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areas with similar climatic characteristics
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plantation agriculture
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when cash crops are grown on large estates
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livestock ranching
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raising of domesticated animals for production of meat and byproducts
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Mediterranean agriculture
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specialized farming that occurs only in areas with Mediterranean cliamate
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cash crops
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subsistence crops - cotton
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luxury crops
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non-subsistence crops - coffee tabaco
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Agribusiness
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term for the businesses that provide a vast array of goods and services to support agricultural industry
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food desert
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limited access to fresh nutritious foods - low income neighborhoods where consumers have little access to medium and large grocery stores.
