ch. 9 Motivation and Emotion
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abraham maslow
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american psychologist who was a major proponent of the humanistic movement in psychology
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acquired (secondary) drives
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those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval
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amygdala
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brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear
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anorexia nervosa
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a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15% below the ideal body weight or more occurs
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arousal theory of motivation
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theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation
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basal metabolic rate
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the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting
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bulimia
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a condition in which a person develops a cycle of \"binging\" or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and \"purging\" or deliberately vomiting after eating
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cannon-bard theory of emotion
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theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced
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cognitive-mediational theory
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theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction
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common sense theory
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idea held by most people that a stimulus leads to the subjective experience of an emotion which then triggers a physiological response
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display rules
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learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings
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drive
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a psychological tension and physical arousal arisng when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension
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drive reduction theory
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approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs which cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce which cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal
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emotion
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the \"feeling\" aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings.
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expectancy value theories
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a type of incentive theory that assumes the actions of humans cannot be predicted without understanding the beliefs, values, and the importance that a person attaches to those beliefs and values at any given moment
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extrinsic motivation
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type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person
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facial feedback hypothesis
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theory of emotion which assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion
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glucagons
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hormones that are secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bloodstream
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hierarchy of needs
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a theory of motivation proposed by Maslow which suggests that as people meet their basic needs they seek to satisfy successively higher needs as laid out in the hierarchy
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homeostasis
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the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state
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humanistic theory of motivation
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theories of motivation which focus on human potential and the drive to be the best person can be
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hypothalamus
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small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland, responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst and sex
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incentive theory of motivation
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theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties
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incentives
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things that attract or lure people into action
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instinct approach of motivation
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approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of other animals
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instincts
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the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals
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insulin
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a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the bloodstream
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intrinsic motivation
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type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner
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james lange theory of emotion
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theory in which physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion
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leptin
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a hormone that, when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full
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motivation
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the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met
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need
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a lack of some material (such as food or water) that is required for survival of the organism
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need for achievement (nAch)
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a need which involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones
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need for affiliation (nAff)
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the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others
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need for power (nPow)
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the need to have control or influence over others
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needs theory of motivation
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theory of motivation that examines the three specific needs for achievement, affiliation, and power
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obesity
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condition in which a person weighs 20% or more over their ideal weight
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peak experiences
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according to Maslow, times in a persons life during which self actualization is temporarily achieved
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positive psychology
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a viewpoint that recommends shifting the focus of psychology away from the negative aspects to more positive focus on strengths, well being, and the pursuit of happiness
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primary drives
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those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst
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Schachter and Stinger
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two psychologists responsible for proposing the cognitive arousal theory of emotions
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self actualization
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according to Maslow, the seldom reached point at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential
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self determination theory (SDT)
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theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action
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sensation seeker
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someone who needs more arousal than the average person
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stimulus motive
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a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation. An example of this motive is curiosity
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weight set point
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the particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain
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Yerkes Dodson law
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predicts that a certain level of arousal will be motivating, but too much arousal or too little arousal will decrease motivation. The optimal level of arousal appears to depend on the individual and the difficulty of the task
