CH 8 Social Stratification
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social stratification
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The ranking of people or groups according to their unequal access to scarce resources.
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social class
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A segment of society whose members have similar economic circumstances, norms, and status.
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bourgeoisie
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The class that owns the means of production.
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proletariat
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The class that labors without owning the means of production.
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exploit
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To take unfair advantage of.
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income
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Amount of money received by an individual or group over a specific time period.
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wealth
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Total economic resources held by a person or group
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power
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The ability to control the behavior of others, even against their will.
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prestige
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Recognition, respect, and admiration attached to social positions.
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false consciousness
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According to Karl Marx, working -class acceptance of capitalist ideas and values.
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class consciousness
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Identification with the goals and interests of a social class.
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exclusive
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Limited to possession, control, or use by a single individual or group
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professional
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Relating to a job requiring specialized knowledge and academic preparation
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working poor
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People employed in low-skill jobs with the lowest pay who do not earn enough to rise out of poverty.
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underclass
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People typically unemployed who come from families that have been poor for generations
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absolute poverty
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The absence of enough money to secure life's necessities
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relative poverty
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A measure of poverty based on the economic disparity between those at the bottom of a society and the rest of society.
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feminization of poverty
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A trend in U.S. society in which women and children make up an increasing proportion of the poor.
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social mobility
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The movement of individuals or groups between social classes
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horizontal mobility
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A change in occupation within the same social class
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occupation
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One's business or profession
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vertical mobility
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A change upward or downward in occupational status or social class
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intergenerational mobility
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A change in status from one generation to the next
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caste system
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A stratification structure that does not allow for social mobility
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category
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A defined group
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open-class system
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A system in which social class is based on merit and individual effort; movement is allowed between classes
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global stratification
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The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and resources; among the countries of the world
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standard of living
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The necessities, comforts, and luxuries enjoyed by an individual or group
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industrialization
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The movement from an economy based on agriculture to one based on manufacturing
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industry
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A group of productive enterprises or organizations that produce or supply goods or services
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indicators
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A measurement, based on some standard or system, taken to gauge the status of the whole.
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globalization
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The development of an increasingly integrated global economy.
