Ch 7: Language Vocab – Flashcards
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How an individual pronounces words
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Accent
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occurs when two languages are of equal value and neither dominates the other
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Additive bilingualism
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A natural language that has been developed and used by persons who are deaf using a system of manual gestures.
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American Sign Language (ASL)
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Somewhat secret vocabulary of a co-culture group.
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Argot
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Basic, everyday conversational skills, which English language learners can develop in approximately two years.
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Basic interpersonal communications skills (BICS
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An individual who has the ability to speak or utilize two or more dialects.
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Bidialectical
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The use of two languages as a media of instruction. It accepts and develops native language and culture in the instructional process to learn English and to learn academic subject matter. Bilingual education may use the native language, as well as English, as the medium of instruction.
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Bilingual Education
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The ability to function in two languages. While some contend that bilingualism implies native-like fluency, others measure competency in two languages as adequate to be considered bilingual.
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Bilingualism
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Dialect used by many African Americans and used primarily by those in working-class families.
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Black English/ Ebonics/African American English/Vernacular Black English
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Groups of people who exist and function apart from the dominant culture (e.g., street gangs, drug dealers, prostitutes).
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Co-cultures
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The higher levels of proficiency required in highly structured academic situations.
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Cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP)
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The informal or conversational speech in a community (e.g., Texas colloquialism, "I like to got hit by that car!" meaning "I was almost struck by that car").
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Colloquialisms
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Variations of a language usually determined by region or social class (e.g., southern drawl). regional: differences in pronunciation of vowels social: consonants
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Dialects
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Educational strategy that relies exclusively on English for teaching or learning the English language—ESL programs are used extensively in this country as a primary medium to assimilate English language learners (ELLs) into the linguistic mainstream as quickly as possible.
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English as a Second Language (ESL)
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Students who have limited or no English skills and who are in the process of learning English.
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English Language Learners (ELL)
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Used interchangeably with "official English."
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English only
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The acceptable written language that is typically found in grammar books.
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Formal standard
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The language considered proper in a community.
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Informal standard
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Written or spoken human speech. It is a system that enables people to communicate with one another and to share their thoughts and ideas with one another.
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Language
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The ability to speak only one language.
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Monolingualism
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A dialect of the same language (e.g., English), that is not considered standard (e.g., Black English).
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Nonstandard dialect
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A position supported by U.S. English, a citizens' action group, which is seeking to have English declared by Congress as the official language of the United States. Individuals who support this movement believe that all public documents, records, legislation and regulations, as well as hearings, official ceremonies and public meetings should be conducted solely in English.
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Official English
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Art or science of teaching, which includes instructional strategies and methods.
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Pedagogy
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An initiative passed by California voters in 1998 that required all language minority students to be educated in sheltered English immersion programs, not normally intended to exceed one year. Although it has not completely succeeded, Designed to eliminate bilingual education from California's schools.
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Proposition 227
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A statistical phenomenon that implies that scores at the extreme ends of the statistical distribution move toward the population average (mean), with low scores moving higher and high scores moving lower.
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Regression to the mean
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A process of English language acquisition structured so that nearly all instruction is in English—This is the instructional method mandated by California Proposition 227 and is normally limited to one year.
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Sheltered English immersion
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A system that translates the English oral or written word into a sign.
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Signed English
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The English spoken by a particular group of individuals in a community. Typically this group is the professional educated middle class and the group with a high degree of influence and prestige in the community.
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Standard English
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Occurs when a second language replaces the first.
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Subtractive bilingualism
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emphasize bilingual education as a means of moving from the culture and language most commonly used for communication in the home to the mainstream of U.S. language and culture. The native language of the home is used to help the student make the transition to the English language. The native language is gradually phased out as the student becomes more proficient in English.
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Transitional programs
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The language of Jews from Central and Eastern Europe and their descendants, resulting from a fusion of elements derived principally from a High German language written in Hebrew characters.
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Yiddish
