question

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

answer

learning

question

When people learn anything .... is physically changed to record what they have learned

answer

some part of their brain

question

.....in the way an organism behaves is learning

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any kind of change

question

Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs

answer

Ivan Pavlov

question

learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

answer

Classical conditioning

question

a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response

answer

unconditioned stimulus

question

unlearned or naturally occurring

answer

unconditioned

question

an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

answer

unconditioned response

question

stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus

answer

conditioned stimulus

question

learned

answer

conditioned

question

can become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus

answer

neutral stimulus

question

learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

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conditioned response

question

another name for conditioned response

answer

conditioned reflex

question

Ice cream truck/ salivation when one hears the ice cream truck bell

answer

Example of conditioned stimulus/ response

question

repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS; the organism is in the process of acquiring learning

answer

acquisition

question

During acquisition the organism is in the process of ....

answer

acquiring learning

question

-CS must come before the UCS -CS and the UCS must come very close together in time- usually occur several seconds apart -A neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS several times, often many times, before conditioning can take place.

answer

Few Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning

question

The ... is usually some stimulus that is distinctive or stands out from other competing stimuli.

answer

Conditioned stimulus

question

the tendency to responds to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

answer

stimulus generalization

question

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

answer

stimulus discrimination

question

disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforce (in operant conditioning)

answer

extinction

question

reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

relatively permanent change in behavior

answer

learning

question

-A strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus -A neutral stimulus becomes a second conditioned stimulus.

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Higher-Order Conditioning

question

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli

answer

Conditioned emotional response

question

fear of dogs, the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person are examples of....

answer

Examples of CER

question

CER's may lead to .....

answer

phobias-irrational fear responses

question

A common CER experiment is the story of ....

answer

Little Albert

question

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction

answer

conditioned taste aversion

question

Conditioned taste aversions occurs after only .... association.

answer

one

question

tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

answer

biological preparedness

question

original theory in which Pavlov state that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together

answer

stimulus substitution

question

modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

answer

cognitive perspective

question

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

answer

operant conditioning

question

Operant conditioning displays the idea that people have .. .... ....

answer

no free will

question

If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated

answer

Thorndike's Law of Effect

question

one who wants to study only observable, measurable behavior

answer

behaviorist

question

Skinner was a ...........

answer

behaviorist

question

....... gave operant conditioning its name.

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Skinner

question

any behavior that is voluntary

answer

operant

question

Learning depends on what happens after the response or the ........

answer

consequence

question

any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

answer

reinforcement

question

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

answer

primary reinforcer

question

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

answer

secondary reinforcer

question

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus

answer

positive reinforcement

question

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

answer

negative reinforcement

question

taking aspirin for a headache is negatively reinforced by the removal of the headache is an example of

answer

example of negative reinforcement

question

a response that is reinforced after some - but not all - correct responses tends to be very resistant to extinction

answer

partial reinforcement effect

question

reinforcement of each and every correct response

answer

continuous reinforcement

question

the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

answer

fixed interval schedule

question

the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

answer

variable interval schedule

question

the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

answer

fixed ratio schedule

question

a schedule in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

answer

variable ratio schedule

question

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

answer

punishment

question

the punishment of response by the addition or experience of an unpleasant stimulus

answer

punishment by the addiction

question

punishment of response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

answer

punishment by removal

question

-May cause avoidance of the punisher instead of the behavior being punished -May encourage lying to avoid punishment -Creates fear and anxiety

answer

severe punishment

question

1. Punishment should immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish. 2. Punishment should be consistent. 3. Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior.

answer

How to Make Punishment More Effective

question

any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

answer

discriminative stimulus

question

-occurs if the behavior (response) is not reinforced. -One way to deal with a child's temper tantrum is to ignore it; lack of reinforcement for the tantrum behavior will eventually result in .....

answer

extinction

question

also can be generalized to stimuli that are only similar - not identical-to the original stimulus.

answer

operantly conditioned responses

question

(reoccurrence of a once-extinguished response) also happens in operant conditioning.

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

reinforcement of simple steps, leading to a desired complex behavior

answer

shaping

question

small steps, one after another, that lead to a particular goal behavior

answer

successive approximation

question

tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

answer

instinctive drift

question

-Each animal comes into the world (and the lab) with certain genetically determined instinctive patterns of behavior already in place. -These instincts differ from species to species. -There are some responses that simply cannot be trained into an animal regardless of conditioning.

answer

characteristics of instinctive drift

question

Raccoons commonly dunk their food in and out of water before eating. This "washing" behavior is controlled by instinct, and is difficult to change even using operant techniques.

answer

example of instinctive drift

question

use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

answer

behavior modification

question

a type of behavior in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

answer

token economy

question

-form of mild punishment by removal in which a misbehaving animal, child, or adult is placed in a special area away from the attention of others -Essentially, the organism is being "removed" from any possibility of positive reinforcement in the form of attention.

answer

time-out

question

modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

answer

applied behavior analysis

question

use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control

answer

biofeedback

question

form of biofeedback using devices (EEG, fMRI) to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

answer

neurofeedback

question

-Early days of learning, researchers' focus was on behavior -In the nineteen fifties-- and more intensely in the nineteen sixties - many psychologists were becoming aware that cognition, the mental events that take place inside a person's mind during behavior, could no longer be ignored.

answer

Cognitive learning theory

question

-early cognitive scientist -Best-known experiments in learning involved teaching three groups of rats the same maze, one at a time

answer

Edward Tolman

question

Group 1 -Rewarded each time at end of maze -Learned maze quickly Group 2 -In maze every day; only rewarded on tenth day -Demonstrated learning of maze almost immediately after receiving reward Group 3 -Never rewarded -Did not learn maze well

answer

Edward Tolman's Maze Experiment

question

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

answer

latent learning

question

-sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly -Cannot be gained through trial and error learning alone -"Aha" moment

answer

insight

question

a tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

answer

learned helplessness

question

a new way of looking at the entire concept of mental health and therapy that focuses on the adaptive, creative, and psychologically more fulfilling aspects of human experience rather than on mental disorders

answer

positive psychology

question

movement based on three areas of concern

answer

positive psychology

question

1. Positive subjective experiences 2. Positive individual traits 3. Positive institutions & communities

answer

three areas of concern

question

emotions like happiness, love, and gratitude

answer

positive subjective experiences

question

a person's strengths and virtues instead their short comings

answer

positive individual traits

question

-how societies can promote strong, healthy, happy environments -Looking at glass half full rather than half empty

answer

positive institutions & communities

question

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

answer

observational learning

question

learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

answer

learning/performance distinction

question

1.attention 2.memory 3. imitation 4. motivation

answer

elements of observational learning

question

to learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention to the model

answer

attention

question

learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done, such as remembering the steps in preparing a dish that were first seen on a cooking show

answer

memory

question

learner must be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model

answer

imitation

question

learner must have the desire to perform the action

answer

motivation

question

Bandura found that consequences.....

answer

do matter in motivating a person to imitate a model

question

In toilet training a cat, "Lip Up, Seat Down" is known in operant conditioning as

answer

preparing the training arena

question

Marco's mom gives him a treat every night after dinner when he picks up his plate and places it in the dishwasher. Marco's mom uses:

answer

continuous reinforcement

question

In operant conditioning, responses are ..., whereas in classical conditioning, responses are .....

answer

voluntary; involuntary

question

Tolman and Kohler were

answer

Gestalt psychologists

question

Which of the following individuals believed that cognition was an important part of behavior?

answer

Martin Seligman

question

While in the store with her little sister, Amber decided to stop to take a look at some jewelry. As soon as she turned her head, her sister disappeared. Though it only took minutes to find her sister, Amber's fear of losing her little sister again caused her to keep a very close eye on her from that moment on. Amber's change in behavior demonstrates which of the following?

answer

learning

question

In defining learning, " .... ...." refers to the fact that when people learn anything, a part of their brain is physically changed to record what they have learned, and that change remains even if the behavior does not.

answer

relatively permanent

question

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

answer

higher-order conditioning

question

is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

answer

vicarious conditioning

question

Learning can be best be described as ....

answer

a relatively permanent change in behavior

question

Which of the following if not true? - learning can be the result of experience -Learning, once established in the brain, is a permanent change that cannot be undone, but can only be altered -learning can be the result of practice -the brain physically changes when a person undergoes learning

answer

Learning, once established in the brain, is a permanent change that cannot be undone, but can only be altered

question

Which of the following statements on the relationship between learning and memory is true ? - one need not learn a piece of information in order to remember it -memory can exist independent of learning, and learning can exist independent of memory -Once a person learns something, it is always present somewhere in memory - memory skills develop far earlier in life than learning skills,and there is evidence that we actually have memories as far back as the moment we are conceived

answer

Once a person learns something, it is always present somewhere in memory

question

Changes in our lives that result from heredity rather than our personal experiences are called ...

answer

maturation

question

Michael noticed that whenever he moved his dog's food dish, his dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry and excited. He reasoned that because he feeds the dog using that dish, the sound of the dish had become a ..... .....

answer

conditioned stimulus

question

Which of the following statements is essential to classical conditioning? -CS and UCSmust come close together in time -cs must come immediately after the CR - neutral stimulus and UCR must be paired several times before conditioning takes place -cs should be something highly unusual

answer

CS and UCS must come close together in time

question

Ever since she was scared by a dog as a young child, Angelica has been afraid of all dogs. The fact that she is not only afraid of the original dog but all types of dogs is an example of .....

answer

stimulus generalization

question

Helen has overcome her fear of toy snakes. However, on one occasion her fear returned when she found a toy snake in the cushions of her coach. Such a reaction is called...

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

In Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," the conditioned stimulus was...

answer

the white rat

question

Cindy had cheesy tacos at a local Mexican restaurant. Later she became terribly ill and suffered bouts of nausea and vomiting. What might we predict based on conditioned taste aversion research?

answer

Cindy will probably get nauseated the next time she tries to eat cheesy tacos.

question

Rescorla found that the CS must .... the UCS for conditioning to take place.

answer

predict

question

Which of the following is an example of Thorndike's law of effect? -John, a teenager, gets compliments from Carla for wearing a nice shirt. John wears the shirt whenever he thinks he will be seeing Carla. - James always cleans his room or he knows he will be punished. - Josh tries to complete his homework even though he hates having to do it. -Jeremy often sits around inside hoping that someone will call him to go do something.

answer

John, a teenager, gets compliments from Carla for wearing a nice shirt. Subsequently, John wears the shirt whenever he thinks he will be seeing Carla.

question

With operant conditioning, ...... are important in forming an association, whereas with classical conditioning, .... are important in forming an association.

answer

consequences; antecedent stimuli

question

Joe owned a small repair shop. Each day, he would check the mail to see if any of his customers mailed in a payment for the work he had done fro them. Some days, he would receive a check or two. At other times, he would have to wait days before getting another payment. What schedule of reinforcement is evident here?

answer

variable interval

question

Little Jimmie's mother was upset to find that Jimmie had not picked up his building blocks after repeated requests to do so. The next morning, Jimmie found all his blocks had been picked up and put into a bag on the top of the refrigerator. Jimmie's mother told him that he couldn't play with his blocks for the next two days. Which type of discipline did she use?

answer

punishment by removal

question

The study by Keller and Marian Breland found that instinctive drift in animal behavior is...

answer

genetically determined and not under the influence of learning

question

Which of the following is the best example of applied behavior analysis? - Tiffany works with children by asking them what they want to accomplish and the helping them attain that goal through different forms of classical conditioning. -Bethany has children watch her repeatedly so as to understand how a task is to be done. Once they have finished the observation, they are then asked to imitate the behavior. - Agatha observes a child to see what purpose a disruptive classroom behavior serves, and identifies a new replacement behavior. She then implements a training program for the new behavior, reinforcing often at the simplest levels and gradually removing reinforcers as the child demonstrates the behavior independently. - Camille wants children to learn a new behavior and uses punishment as the basis for the behavior change.

answer

Agatha observes a child to see what purpose a disruptive classroom behavior serves, and identifies a new replacement behavior. She then implements a training program for the new behavior, reinforcing often at the simplest levels and gradually removing reinforcers as the child demonstrates the behavior independently.

question

Neurofeedback is a form of .... and works to change a person's ..... through a series of reinforcements.

answer

biofeedback; brain activity

question

In Tolman's maze study, the fact the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after day 10 of the study solved the maze far more quickly than did the rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular rats....

answer

had already learned the maze in the first 9 days

question

Lisa's parents have decided to take a 3-week trip to Europe. Consequently, Lisa's mother will not be able to make her famous pies for the upcoming bake sale. When her mother encourages Lisa to bake the pies herself, Lisa panics at first but then finds that she knows how to put the recipe together. Her ability to prepare the recipe is an example of ....

answer

latent learning

question

Which theory is commonly represented by the "aha" phenomenon?

answer

Kohler's insight theory

question

Research by Steven Maier suggests that learned helplessness involves a higher-level region of the brain known as the.... which helps subjects determine what is controllable.

answer

ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)

question

Bandura's studies found that learning can take place without actual performance. What is this referred to as?

answer

learning/performance distinction

question

A famous study conducted by Albert Bandura involved watching children interact with:

answer

Bobo doll

question

In one nationwide study of kids in the United States, it was discovered that young people between the ages of 8 and 18 years spend approximately .... hours a day interacting with media, including television, computers, cell phones, and other forms.

answer

7.5

question

What is the correct sequence of the four elements of observational learning?

answer

Memory, attention, desire, irritation

question

Shelia almost got hit by a car at a street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. From that day on, Shelia looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is a result of....

answer

learning

question

At home, you rattle the chain on your dog's leash every time you prepare to take him for a walk. After several episodes like this, you find that your dog comes running to the front door even when you pick up the leash to put it back in the closet. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

answer

the sound of the leash

question

A child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is called...

answer

stimulus discrimination

question

During the cold winter, you have stopped taking your dog for walks. What's more, you dog has gotten used to the fact that when you accidentally rattle his leash, he isn't going for a walk, and subsequently he doesn't come running to the front door. What has occurred?

answer

extinction

question

Rhonda had tartar sauce with her fish one night. The next morning she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. The next time she was offered the chance to go our for fish, she felt queasy and denied. Her queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce was probably due to....

answer

a conditioned taste aversion

question

Caitlin works in the psychology department's rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trial. Caitlin's psychology professor refers to this as a classic example of ....

answer

biological preparedness

question

Blake finds that if he washes his car prior to going out on the town, more of his friends want to ride along with him. What theory would best explain his willingness to always wash and clean his car before going out?

answer

Thorndike's law of effect

question

In classical conditioning, behavior typically is ..., whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is ....

answer

involuntary; voluntary

question

Where do secondary reinforcers get their power from?

answer

Pavlov's classical conditioning

question

Positive reinforcement results in a(n) ..... in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in a(n) ..... in the target behavior.

answer

increase; increase

question

Belinda has a terrible headache. If she takes some aspirin and her headache goes away, and as a result Belinda is more likely to take aspirin in the future when she has a headache, this would be an example of ....

answer

negative reinforcement

question

Ben gets paid every 2 weeks. In one 2-week period, , he worked a total of 20 hours. During another 2-week period, he worked a total of 50 hours. Regardless of the total number of hours he works each week, he is paid every 2 weeks. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

answer

fixed interval

question

Denise is grounded for coming home after curfew. Additionally, her parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges is an example of.....

answer

punishment by removal

question

What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment?

answer

Negative reinforcement strengthens a response while punishment weakens a response.

question

Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction with operant conditioning? -A mother ignore her child's temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away. - a mother gives in to her child's demands for candy by buying it some chocolate so as to quiet him or her. -a mother spanks a child her or she starts throwing a tantrum - a mother gives a child chocolate prior to him or her asking for it so as to keep a tantrum from occurring in the first place.

answer

A mother ignore her child's temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away.

question

Studies by Keller and Marian Breland found that many animals exhibit instinctive drift. What does this mean?

answer

The animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement but eventually revert to their genetically controlled patterns of behavior.

question

Jose was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might deal with a fast approaching deadline at work. When his coworkers asked how he came up with his idea, he said, "It just came to me out of nowhere." Psychologists would refer to this as....

answer

insight learning

question

Jody failed repeatedly in college algebra. Finally, she gave up and was seriously dropping out of college. One day, her best friend offered to personally help her if she signed up for college algebra again, but she refused. What concept might explain her reluctance?

answer

learned helplessness

question

What does AMID stand for?

answer

attention, memory,imitation, desire

question

Darla has noticed how some of her friends have lost weight and gotten trim by exercising 1-2 hours each day. However, she has no plans to imitate their behavior. What component of Bandura's model of observational learning will explain why Darla has not started a similar weight loss program?

answer

Darla is not motivated nor does she have the desire to begin the program.

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