ch.5 learning – Flashcards
Flashcard maker : Shelby Arnold
learning
Relatively permanent change in behavior about by experience
Nature vs. nurture
nature- is genes
nurture- human environment
nurture- human environment
maturation
habitutation
decreases in response to a stimulus
Basics of classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
before conditioning
During conditioning
After conditioning
before conditioning
During conditioning
After conditioning
Jhon B. Watson
Human behavior
ex. ringing of the bell
ex. ringing of the bell
Little Albert
Human behavior
ex.
ex.
extinction
ounce when previously conditioned response decrease in frequency and diaper
spontaneous recovery
Reemergence of an extinguished condition
Genrealization vs. Discrimination
Stimulus Generalization
Stimulus Discrimination
Law of effect- Thorndike
Responses that lead to stratifying consequences are more likely to be repeated
Skinner Box- B. F. Skinner
Reinforcement
Process in which a stimulus increase the probability that preceding will be repeated.
Reinforce
any stimulus increased the probability that proceeding behavior will occur again.
Make up term system
used in treatment of psychological disorders
primary reinforces
stratifying biological need and words naturally regardless of a person previous experience.
secondary reinforces
stimulus that become reinforcing because of its association with primary reinforce
positive reinforces
stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a proceeding response.
Nagative Reinforces
Punishment
stimulus that decrease the probability that a prior behavior will occur again
Poistive Punishment Addition of something
weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant
Negative punishment
Removal of something
ex. Pro and Cons
ex. Pro and Cons
Why reinforcement beats punishment
Formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desireable behaviors and decreasing the incident of unwanted ones
Schedules of Reinforcement
Different pattern of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior
continuous schedule
Reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs
Partial intermittent reinforcement schedule
Reinforces of a behavior some but bot all the time
variable Ratio Schedule
occurs after varying number of responses rather than a fixed number.
fixed interval schedule
Provides reinforcement for a response only after a fixed time period has elapsed
ex. overall rates of response relatively low
ex. overall rates of response relatively low
Variable interval schedule
time between reinforcement varies around some average rather than being fixed.
Fixed ratio schedule
Reinforcement is given only a specific number of responses are made.
Behavioral modification
formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desireable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
cognitive learning theory
study of learning that focuses on the thought process that underlie learning
latent learning
New behavior is not demonstration until some incentive is provided for displaying it.
cognitive map
mental representation of special location and directions
observational learning
learning by observing the behavior of another person or model
Albert Bandura
social cognitive approach
psychologist use the term to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience
learning
Who is associated with the study of classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
what is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elict the same response naturally
classical conditioning
what are some examples of responses learned through classical conditioning
experimental foot steps
occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency what the cs is presented in the abences of the UCS
extinction
operant conditioning most importantly involves forming assossications between
moderate behavior and consequences
classical conditioning applies mostly to blank behavior
existing
operant conditioning is to blank new behavior
new
The root of operant conditioning may be traces to blank early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages
Thorndike
Responses that lead to stratifying consequences are more likely to be repeated. This is the law of
effect
what is a skinner box
is a laboratory apparatus used to study animal and behavior
Perhaps the most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning was
skinner
The process by which a stimulus increases the like hood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called
reinforcement
Reinforces that satisfy biological need are called blank reinforces
primary
One reason Richard continues to work at his job is the check he receives every two weeks. Richard paycheck is blank reinforce
positive/ secondary
negative reinforcement
leads to increase in the probability of a behavior
positive punishment
addition of something/ weakens a response through application of an unpleasant
schedules of reinforcement
different pattern of frequency and timing or reinforcement following desire behavior
Bandura”s bobo doll experiment were intended to demonstrate
observational learning
observational learning
