Ch 5 Learning – Flashcards
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Learning typically involves
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,a long-lasting change in the state of the learner.
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Without _____, there would be no learning.
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experience
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The school of psychology most associated with learning is:
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behaviorism.
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Which of the following is NOT an example of learning?
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baby reflexively pulls back her hand when it is exposed to a hot burner.
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Which of the following demonstrates that learning has occurred?
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saying "A" when asked to name the first letter of the alphabet
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The behaviorist approach to psychology ignored the influence of:
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cognition.
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Ivan Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his work focusing on:
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digestion.
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Classical conditioning occurs by pairing a(n) _____ with a(n) _____ to produce a response.
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neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
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Advertisers often pair pictures of attractive people with their products, with the expectation that we will respond positively to the product. This reaction is based on:
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classical conditioning.
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In classical conditioning, a(n) _____ elicits a(n) _____ due to its association with a(n) _____.
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conditioned stimulus; conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus.
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In Pavlov's famous studies, the _____ was the unconditioned stimulus, and the _____ was the unconditioned response.
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food; salivation
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Angie's angry boss wears a particular type of cologne. One day, Angie was at the mall when she smelled the same cologne. The smell produced a momentary feeling of uneasiness. In this example, what is the unconditioned stimulus?
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the boss
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In Pavlov's famous studies, the _____ was the conditioned stimulus, and the _____ was the conditioned response.
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sound; salivation
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Unconditioned stimuli _____ require learning to produce the _____ response.
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never; unconditioned
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In classical conditioning, stimuli that are initially neutral:
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come to elicit the conditioned response.
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The dependent variable in Pavlov's studies of conditioning was how much the dogs _____, or engaged in the _____ .
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drooled; conditioned response
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Savannah always hated having her diaper changed but she loved cake, so Savannah's mom decided to use classical conditioning to make diaper changes less miserable. Every time she changed Savannah's diaper she would play the same song on a CD and give Savannah a small bite of cake. Now as soon as Savannah hears the song, she is happy to have her diaper changed. What is the conditioned stimulus in this case?
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the song
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After being around roses and lilies at her grandmother's funeral, Laura feels sad when she is given a bouquet of roses and lilies for Valentine's Day. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is:
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the bouquet.
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Rachel is training her dog, Duke, to bark when there is a knock on the door. She already knows that squeaking a mouse toy will make Duke bark. So, she decides to squeak the mouse and knock on the door at the same time to condition Duke to bark. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this case?
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the squeaking mouse
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The initial pairing of a CS and US in classical conditioning represents the _____ phase of learning.
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acquisition
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Which pattern best describes learning during the acquisition phase of classical conditioning?
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It starts slowly and then accelerates before tapering off.
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_____ can be used to explain why experienced drug users overdose when taking the same amount of their usual drug but in a novel environment.
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Classical conditioning
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If an experienced heroin user takes the same dose of the drug in a new place, _____ because of classical conditioning.
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they may overdose
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Money gains its power to control behavior through:
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second-order conditioning.
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When a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, _____ will gradually occur.
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extinction
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How could extinction be used to eliminate Little Albert's fear of a white rat?
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repeatedly present the rat and do not follow it with the loud noise
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Dana, a six-year-old, was bitten by her grandmother's terrier. Dana sees a small dog in the park a week later and begins to cry. Most likely Dana is exhibiting:
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generalization.
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Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate to a 1000-Hz tone by pairing it with food. After this training, it was found that the dogs would salivate to a 900-Hz tone but not to a 500-Hz tone. Salivating to the 900-Hz tone is an example of _____ and not salivating to a 500-Hz tone is an example of _____.
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generalization; discrimination
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The adaptive ability for organisms to transfer learning of one particular instance to another very similar case is evidence of:
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generalization.
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Toby's dog Izzie gets very excited when she sees her leash because she knows they are going for a walk. Toby replaced Izzie's leash today with a new one and brings it over to her to get ready to go outside. Toby is surprised because Izzie doesn't seem as excited as usual. This is most likely because Izzie has:
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discriminated the two leashes, noticing that they are different.
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Which of the following is NOT true of the Little Albert study?
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Watson's methods are in compliance with today's ethical standards in the treatment of human participants.
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Little Albert's fear response to a white rabbit, fur coat, and Santa Claus mask are all examples of:
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stimulus generalization.
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Watson and Raynor demonstrated that _____ was responsible for the fear responses in Little Albert.
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classical conditioning
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Little Albert developed a fear of a _____ because it was paired with a(n) ____.
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white rat; loud noise
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_____ proposed that the cognitive process of expectation occurred between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response.
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Rescorla and Wagner
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The Rescorla-Wagner model showed that classical conditioning actually involved a cognitive aspect based on the organism's:
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expectations.
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According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, conditioning should be most powerful when stimuli are:
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unfamiliar.
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Delay and trace conditioning procedures were used to assess the role of _____ in classical conditioning.
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consciousness
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The _____ is the brain structure responsible for delay and trace conditioning.
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cerebellum
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The _____ is the primary brain structure responsible for conditioning based on fear-inducing or anxiety-inducing stimuli.
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amygdala
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Learned food aversions are generally acquired for _____ because of the evolutionary adaptive conditioning of rejecting foods that may be toxic.
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novel foods
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Normal fear responses are not exhibited in an animal whose connections from its midbrain and/or hypothalamus to the _____ have been disrupted.
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amygdala
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The idea of _____ suggests that conditioning has an evolutionary perspective, in that certain associations will be more easily learned if they help the organism's survival.
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biological preparedness
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_____ has many practical applications, including the relief of food aversions in cancer patients.
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Classical conditioning
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Of the following, which is most likely to be a biologically prepared response?
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avoiding sushi after getting sick from eating it
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The key difference between the two main types of conditioning is that classical conditioning is based on _____ responses, whereas operant conditioning produces _____ behaviors.
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involuntary; voluntary
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Of the following, which is LEAST likely to be studied by researchers using operant techniques?
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eye blinks
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In operant conditioning, the _____ of the behavior influences whether it is likely to occur again.
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consequences
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Thorndike's law of effect states that behaviors leading to pleasant situations will be _____, while behaviors that result in unpleasant situations will be _____.
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repeated; avoided
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Jon believes that he does things that make him feel good and avoids things that make him feel bad. His views are consistent with which of the following ideas?
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the law of effect
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Like classical conditioning, operant conditioning:
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does not need to refer to the mind to explain things.
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Skinner expanded on the work of Thorndike by focusing on:
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both reinforcement and punishment.
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Baby Donna is whining. Her mother lightly spanks her, and her whining increases. For Baby Donna, spanking was a(n):
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reinforcer.
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Positive reinforcement involves the _____ of a stimulus when a behavior occurs and positive punishment involves the _____ of a stimulus when a behavior occurs.
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presentation; presentation
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In Skinner's terminology, a reinforcer is positive when:
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something is added to the environment.
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Jake can make his sister, Joy, give him her toys or candy by whistling. Because she hates the sound so much, Joy will give Jake whatever he wants to make him stop. When Jake stops whistling this is _____ for Joy.
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negative reinforcement
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A teacher originally wanted to increase class participation, and so she positively reinforced the asking of questions with nickels. After a few days, students had stacks of nickels on their desks and the class was asking far too many questions. The teacher decided things were better off when the students didn't ask so many questions. To reduce question-asking, the teacher has several options available to her. She could approach the students' desks and physically remove a nickel from their stacks whenever they ask a question, a process known as _____. Or, she could simply not give students nickels anymore when they ask questions, a process known as _____.
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negative punishment; extinction
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_____ reinforcement increase(s) the likelihood of a behavior happening, while _____ punishment decrease(s) the likelihood of the behavior.
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Positive and negative; positive and negative,negative reinforcement.
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Positive punishers _____ behavior, and negative punishers _____ behavior.
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weaken; weaken
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Any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior is a _____ and any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior is a _____.
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reinforcer; punisher
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Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
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money
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Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
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turning off loud music
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On a daily basis, we experience more _____ reinforcers than _____ ones.
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secondary; primary
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Your date smiles at you and you suddenly know that she probably would return your kiss. Her smile is functioning as a:
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discriminative stimulus.
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We stand up and cheer at a basketball game, but not in the library, because of:
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stimulus control.
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Because of _____, you can tell the difference between the men's restroom and the women's restroom, and know which one to use.
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stimulus control
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Georgia likes to make tuna sandwiches for lunch. She uses her can opener and then usually gives the can with a few bits of tuna left inside to the cat as a treat. Georgia recently noticed that the cat comes running into the kitchen every time she uses her can opener to open anything, not just tuna. The cat's behavior to the sound of the can opener is a result of:
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operant generalization.
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You trained a rat to run up a set of miniature steps whenever you play the theme song to the movie Rocky by giving the rat treats at the same time as the song is playing. After acquisition, if you were to present the song but no longer provide the treats, what would eventually happen?
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extinction; the rat will stop responding to the song
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Schedules of reinforcement are based on the finding that conditioned behaviors:
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often continue or even become strengthened by irregular reinforcement.
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In Jen's experiment, a monkey must push a lever to get a reward. If the monkey is successful, he gets a piece of banana every 2 minutes. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?
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fixed interval
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Which of the following schedules arranges reinforcement on the basis of time and responding?
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fixed interval
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Although it is not known if you have to buy 1, 10, or 100 scratch-off lottery tickets to get a winner, it is highly probable that if you just keep buying, eventually you will get a winner. In fact, maybe the very next ticket you buy will be a winner. Buying scratch-off lottery tickets is reinforced according to a _____ schedule.
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variable ratio
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Checking your mailbox is generally reinforced on a _____ schedule, since the mail only comes once per day at about the same time.
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fixed interval
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_____ schedules of reinforcement typically produce the highest and most consistent rates of responding.
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Ratio
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Because they generally result in high, consistent rates of responding without pausing, slot machines use _____ schedules of reinforcement.
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variable ratio
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Your friend invites you over to play a video game and watch the new trick he taught his pet ferret. While playing football, your friend scores a touchdown and gives a signal to the ferret. The ferret runs over to its cage and "kicks" a miniature football through a small goal post set up in the cage. Your friend probably used _____ to get the ferret to perform the trick.
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shaping
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Janet is trying to teach her 3-year-old how to dress himself. First, she has him put on his pants by himself and she gives him some M&M's. The next day she has him put on his pants and his shirt and she gives him some M&M's. By the end of the week her son is dressing himself completely. Janet is making use of the principle of:
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shaping.
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Superstitions can be explained by operant conditioning as mistakenly inferring a _____ between a specific behavior and a reinforcer.
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causal relationship
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If you learn a statistical technique (maybe a t-test) but don't use it until the following semester, you may have demonstrated:
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latent learning. you should use tests to assess what you know and don't know before studying.
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Tolman suggested that rats in a maze don't simply produce behaviors without using any previous spatial information, but develop a _____ of the maze, which argues for a cognitive component to operant learning.
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cognitive map
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Tolman's third group of rats showed a dramatic change in their maze behavior when reinforcement was given on the 11th day of their maze running. Tolman called this:
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latent learning.
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In studies done on trustworthiness, when participants were told that their partner was trustworthy, they:
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ignored the additional feedback they received, acting as if the partner was trustworthy.
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What part of the brain is MOST associated with the positive aspects of reinforcement?
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the limbic system
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A pleasure center of the brain is the:
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nucleus accumbens.
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Conditioning alone cannot explain why some behaviors are easier to learn than others without taking _____ into account.
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evolutionary biology
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Each species is _____ to learn some things more readily than others.
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cognitively impaired
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In the Brelands' research, pigs would not drop coins into a box, and, instead, pushed them along the ground with their snout, despite programmed reinforcement. This was taken as evidence of:
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biological predisposition.
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Many professions include _____ as a training mechanism so that people can learn by watching the actions of others.
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observational learning
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Of the following, which job would be LEAST likely to involve observational learning?
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computer programmer
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Joey watches his older brother twirl his pasta around his fork using a spoon. Joey then attempts to twirl his pasta in the same way. Joey's older brother is serving as a _____ for Joey.
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model
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Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment showed how children can learn _____ through observation.
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aggression
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Bandura demonstrated that after they watched an adult model interact aggressively with a Bobo doll, children interacted aggressively with the doll:
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even if the children were not explicitly reinforced for doing so.
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Because of the powerful effects of _____, many parents monitor the content of video games, television shows, and movies their children engage in so that they do not imitate violent behavior.
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observational learning
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Younger children may learn some things at a younger age than did their older siblings because of :
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observational learning.
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Of the following, which would be LEAST likely to be acquired through observational learning?
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blinking when something flies into your eye
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Of the following, which would be MOST likely to be acquired through observational learning?
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putting on a shirt
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If you watch someone to learn how to play the violin and then serve as a model for another student, you are part of a:
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diffusion chain.
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Which of the following people would be part of a diffusion chain?
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Delilah, learning to speak French by listening and then modeling
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Cultural traditions and customs are generally passed down through:
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observational learning.
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Sleep helps to facilitate which type of learning?
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observational
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Effects of observational learning can be seen in:
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both animals and humans.
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With respect to the studies of observational learning in primates using tools:
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more research must be done before drawing a conclusion.
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_____ most likely play(s) a critical role in the observational learning in which organisms imitate the actions of others.
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Mirror neurons
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The idea that you can learn how to dance by watching others:
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has received some research support.
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Disruption of the motor cortex during demonstration of motor skills:
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inhibited performance of that skill in the future.
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In which form of learning does the learner need to be consciously aware that their behavior is changing?
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observational learning
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Learning that occurs mostly without awareness of both the process by which the information is learned and the consequences of knowing the information is:
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implicit learning.
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Learning can be:
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conscious. unconscious. deliberate.
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You are able to correctly follow rules of grammar or identify culturally important people when you are NOT explicitly aware of your memory for these things because of:
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implicit learning.
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Joni's best friend frequently speaks Spanish around her. Joni barely knew Spanish before she met her best friend, but one day she realizes that she has just understood a simple exchange between her best friend and their waiter. Joni's ability to pick up some rudimentary Spanish without trying to do so is a good example of:
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implicit learning.
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One characteristic of implicitly learned information is that:
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it is difficult to explain to others.
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Learning and memory influence each other because:
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learning produces memories and memories allow for learning.
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When Jasminda first moved into her apartment the buzzing noise coming from her refrigerator drove her nuts. Now, after 3 months, Jasminda doesn't notice the sound because she has likely:
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habituated to the sound.
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Benjamin used to startle every time the family dog would bark. Now he continues whatever he is doing and appears to not even notice the dog's bark. Benjamin has probably:
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become habituated to the dog's bark.
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Patients with amnesia show deficits in _____ but not in _____.
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explicit memory; implicit memory
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A neuropsychological patient who experiences severe problems with explicit learning is most likely to have relatively _____ implicit learning.
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intact
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Neuroimaging studies have found evidence that implicit and explicit learning engages:
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different brain structures and in different ways.
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If you are learning something implicitly, without general awareness of the learning process, what area of the brain is NOT as active as that of someone who is learning explicitly?
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the occipital lobe
