Ch 3- The Reformation in Europe (1517-1600) – Flashcards
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Christian humanism
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Movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance, combining classical learning and individualism with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church
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Desiderius Erasmus
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Best known Christian humanist. Believed that Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis, not just provide beliefs that might help them be saved. Thought the Catholic Church needed to return to the simpler days of Christianity
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The Praise of Folly
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Satire by Erasmus, humorously criticized society's moral and religious state and called for a simpler, purer faith.
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They were viewed as more concerned with Italian politics and world interests than the spiritual needs of their people
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How were popes viewed from 1450 to 1520?
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They were viewed as using their church offices to advance their own careers and wealth
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How were church officials viewed?
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Indulgence
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A release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reduces time in purgatory after death
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Relics
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People sought certainty of salvation through veneration of these
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Frederick III (Frederick the Wise
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Luther's prince; amassed more than 5,000 relics
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Modern Devotion
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Down played church practices and stressed the need to follow the teachings of jesus
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Martin Luther
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Monk in the Catholic Church and a professor at the university of Wittenberg in Germany. Lectured the Bible and wanted to know about the certainty of salvation
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Humans are not saved through good works but through their faith in God
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What did Martin Luther find through his studies?
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Justification by Faith
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The idea that humans are not saved through good works but through their faith in God
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Protestant reformation
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Justification by faith became the chief teaching of the______
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Ninety-Five Theses
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List of propositions written by Martin Luther in 1517
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Johann Tetzel
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Who was Luther especially offended by?
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Sell indulgences to raise money to build St. Peter's basilica in Rome
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What was Tetzel authorized by the church to do?
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As soon as coin in the coffer (money box) rings, the soul from purgatory springs
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What was Tetzel's slogan?
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On the door of the castle church in wittenberg
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Where was the ninety five theses posted?
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Baptism & Eucharist
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Luther attacked the church's system of sacraments except which 2?
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He called for clergy to marry
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What did Luther call for that was against the long-standing requirement of the Catholic Church?
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He excommunicated him in January 1521
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What did the pope do to Luther
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Imperial Diet (legislative assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire
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Luther was summoned to appear before the _____
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Worms
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Where was luther's imperial diet session?
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Edict of Worms
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Luther was made an outlaw by this, and his works were to be burned and he was to be captured and delivered to the emperor
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Frederick III
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Elector (prince) of saxony; refused to have Luther killed and sent him into hiding and protected him when he returned to wittenberg
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Former nun, Katharina von Boren
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Who did Luther marry?
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Lutheranism
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What Luther's doctrine became known as
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Protestant faith
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Lutheranism was the first ______
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The Peasants' War
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Luther's greatest challenge. Peasants revolted against their lords and looked to Luther for support
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Charles V
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Holy Roman emperor, ruled an immense empire consisting of Spain and its colonies, the Austrian lands, Bohemia, Hungary, the Low Countries, the duchy of Milan, and the Kingdom of Naples
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By keeping the empire Catholic and under the control of his dynasty, the Hapsburgs
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How did Charles V hope to preserve unity?
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The king of France, Francis I
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Who was Charles V's rival?
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A series of wars that lasted more than 20 years
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What did the conflicts of Charles and Francis lead to?
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The Ottoman Turks
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Invasions by whom forced Charles to send troops into the eastern part of his empire?
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Peace of Augsburg
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Charles was unable o defeat the lutherans and had to seek peace. This was known as what
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Choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism
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The German states were now free to do what
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Ulrich Zwingli
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Priest in Zurich
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The council of Zurich
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What was strongly influenced by Zwingli?
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Paintings and decorations- white walls
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What was removed from churches?
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Scripture reading, prayer, sermons
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What was Catholic mass replaced by?
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Luther and other German reformers
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Who did Zwingli seek an alliance with
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A war between Protestant and Catholic states
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What war broke out in switzerland?
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He was found wounded; enemies killed him, cut up his body, burned the pieces, and scattered the ashes
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What happened to Zwingli in the war?
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John Calvin
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took leadership of Switzerland Protestantism after Zwingli's death
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France
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Calvin fled what country to find safety in Switzerland
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Faith
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Calvin believed that ____ alone was sufficient for justification
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Justification
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Process of being deemed worthy of salvation by God
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Theocracy
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Government by divine authority
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King Henry VIII
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Wanted to divorce his wife to have a male child to take the throne
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Catherine of Aragon
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Who did King Henry divorce
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Anne Boleyn
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Who was King Henry's new wife
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Thomas Cranmer
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Archbishop of Canterbury, ruled that the king's marriage was "null & absolutely void"
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Break with the pope and the Catholic church
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What did Parliament do by Henry's request?
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Act of supremacy of 1534
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Declared that the king was the only supreme head on earth of the new Church of England
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Thomas More
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Lord Chancellor to King Henry; Christian humanist and devout Catholic, opposed the king's action and was beheaded
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King Edward VI
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Became king when Henry died in 1547; Henry's 9 year old son to his 3rd wife Jane Seymour
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Protestant
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Church officials moved the Anglican Church of England into a more _______ direction
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Tuberculosis
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King Edward died before the age of 16 of what
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Mary I
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Henry's daughter; Came to throne in 1553
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Roman Catholicism
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Mary wanted to restore England to what?
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Heretics
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Person practicing religious heresy
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Over 300 Protestant heretics
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Mary ordered the burning of what
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Bloody Mary
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Mary's nickname
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Anabaptists
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Opposite of Calvinism- radicals who strongly disliked giving church power to the state
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Minister
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In anabaptist churches, each church chose its own what
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Persecute anabaptists
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Protestants and Catholics joined together to do what
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John of Leiden
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Under this person, Münster became a sanctuary for Anabaptists
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Education
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The Protestant reformation had an effect on what in europe
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The elite
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Protestant schools were aimed more at what group of people?
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Monasticism and the requirement of celibacy for their clergy
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Abolished by protestants
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Anti-semitism
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This was remained in Europe even after the reformation
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Ordered their homes and houses of worship to be destroyed
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What did Luther do to Jews who refused to convert to Lutheranism?
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Forced them to live in ghettos
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What did Popes to do Jews who would not convert to Catholicism?
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Germany and Scandinavia
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Lutheranism became rooted in these countries
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Switzerland, France, Netherlands, Eastern Europe
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Calvinism became rooted in these countries
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Catholic reformation
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Counter Reformation
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1. Establishment of new religious order, the Jesuits 2. Reform of papacy 3. Council of Trent
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3 elements to the Catholic reformation
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Ignatius of Loyola
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Spanish nobleman, founded the society of Jesus (jesuits)
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Pope Paul III
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Recognized Loyola's small group of followers as a religious order in 1540
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Theresa of Avila
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Spanish nun, promoted reform of the Carmelite order
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Carmelites
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One of the 4 major religious orders founded in the Middle Ages, took a vow of complete poverty
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Reform Commission
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Pope Paul started this to determine the church's ills
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Council of Trent
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Pope Paul started this, a group of cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, and theologians met off and on for 18 years
