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According to the definition used in Chapter 3, socialization refers to a process that

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C. involves social development and learning about social worlds.

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The definition of socialization used by the author is based on

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A. a social interaction model.

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Recent studies of socialization are based on social interaction models rather than personal internalization models. Social interaction models emphasize that human beings are

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C. active decision makers who give meaning to their experiences.

question

In recent years, those who study sports and socialization have tended to use research methods that emphasize

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B. qualitative data that provide detailed descriptions of sport experiences.

question

Carefully designed studies based on structural theories and a personal internalization model of socialization have found that three things are related to becoming involved in sports. Which of the following is NOT one of those things?

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D. A person's willingness to practice even when not having fun.

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Studies using a qualitative approach have found that becoming involved and staying involved in sports primarily is the result of

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D. continuing processes of decision-making in people's lives.

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When Sharon Wheeler interviewed British elementary school children for whom sports were important, she found that their sport participation was linked to

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C. the routine and lifestyle of their families.

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In the United States, the young people most likely to receive encouragement from friends, family, coaches, and teachers to play sports if they

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B. are African Americans

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After doing in-depth interviews with British adolescents from working class British families, Anita White and Jay Coakley concluded that sport participation among these young people was the result of

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B. continuous decisions made over time by young people.

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The in-depth interviews done by Anita White and Jay Coakley indicated that young people are most likely to participate in sports when they

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D. saw sports as linked to their own growth and development.

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When Peter Donnelly and Kevin Young used data from interviews with rock climbers and rugby players they concluded that becoming an athlete involved

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A. acquiring knowledge and developing an identity as an athlete.

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Becoming involved and staying involved in sports is grounded in a series of processes. Which of the following is NOT one of those processes?

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A. Personality revisions

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The carefully designed studies done between 1950 and 1980 have led to some basic conclusions about changing or ending sport participation. Which of the following is NOT one of the conclusions?

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D. People drop out of sports only when they are victims of some form of exploitation in sports.

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In the summary of Coakley's analysis of \"burnout,\" it is pointed out that when elite young athletes drop out of a sport they usually do it because they

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C. see sport participation as an obstacle to developing personal autonomy.

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When Konstantinos Koukouris interviewed former athletes in Greece, he discovered that decisions to end or change sport participation were primarily associated with

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B. the need to take responsibility for their own lives and support themselves.

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Garry Wheeler's study of the careers of athletes with disabilities indicated that the main challenge athletes faced when they retired involved

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A. reinvesting time and energy into other spheres of life.

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Research indicates that when people retire from sports they are most likely to have problems if they

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D. have few experiences outside the culture of sports.

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A widespread belief long held by many people in North America is that playing sports

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A. builds character among participants.

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Past studies of socialization based on a personal internalization model have produced inconclusive and inconsistent findings because researchers have mistakenly assumed that

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B. all athletes have unique and similar experiences in all sports.

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When evaluating research on what happens in sports, it's important not to overlook the fact that

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D. different people define similar sport experiences in different ways.

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A review of socialization research led the author to conclude that the impact that sports and sport participation have on people depends on

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B. the meanings people give to sports in their lives.

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A review of socialization research led the author to conclude that sport participation is most likely to have positive socialization consequences when it

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C. provides opportunities to expand experiences outside of sports.

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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of power and performance sports?

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D. Avoiding technology that might improve performance.

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Pleasure and participation sports tend to emphasize

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B. connections with other people and the environment.

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Power and performance sports are dominant today primarily because they

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A. emphasize competition and validate the status of wealthy people.

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Data on health, physical activity, and sports indicates that

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A. some competitive sports have high health costs because injury rates are high.

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Data on sports and obesity indicate that

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D. the popularity of sports does not automatically lead to reduced obesity rates.

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Most people in the sociology of sport today do not see sports as causes of specific socialization outcomes. Instead, they view sports as

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D. sites for experiences that influence different people in different ways.

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Nancy Theberge's study of an elite women's ice hockey team in Canada found that locker room interaction among the players involved

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D. talk that gave meaning to the experience of playing hockey.

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The research done by Eric Anderson prior to 2001 generally indicated that

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D. combining a gay identity with a sport identity often was challenging.

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The studies done by Anderson and his colleague between 2000 and 2010 indicated that

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D. homophobia declined in many sport cultures.

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The author uses the term \"social world\" to refer to a

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C. way of life and mindset that people develop in a particular setting.

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When Patti and Peter Adler studied a big-time intercollegiate men's basketball team, they discovered that team members gradually

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D. viewed the world almost exclusively in terms of their identities as athletes.

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Loic Wacquant's study of the social world of boxers in a Chicago gym indicated that boxing

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B. sheltered young men from the destructive influences of the streets.

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Some sociologists now study socialization as a community and cultural process. The research of these sociologists tends to focus on

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B. sports as sites where people learn stories they use to make sense of their lives.

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When researchers use cultural theories and a postructuralist approach to study community-based socialization processes, they focus on

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D. whose stories about sports become dominant in a culture.

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Research on sports and socialization as a community and cultural process is partly inspired by the ideas of Antonio Gramsci. Using Gramsci's ideas, sociologists see sports as important in connection with socialization because sports are

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C. popular forms of excitement and pleasure.

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According to an analysis of sports and society based on Gramsci's ideas, sports are important social phenomena because they are

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D. contexts through with ideological messages can be presented to people.

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Many sociologists see sports as important because sports are involved in hegemonic processes in society. Hegemony refers to a social process through which

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A. people come to agree with and accept particular ideologies.

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When the author paraphrases Gramsci's conclusion about hegemony, he says that \"it is difficult to fight an enemy that . . .

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B. has outposts in your head.\"

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When anthropologist Doug Foley did an ethnography of a small Texas town he found that the everyday stories created around high school football tended to

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B. reaffirm established ways of thinking and doing things in the town.

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Focusing on socialization as a community and cultural process, David Andrews studied the \"persona\" created in connection with Michael Jordan during the 1990s. He concludes that through media images of Jordan, the \"Jordan persona\" was

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C. intentionally detached from African American experiences and culture.

Ch 3- Sports and Socialization- who plays and what happens to them?

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