Ch 26 – Biotechnology and Genomics – Flashcards
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What structure is used to seal the DNA into an opening created by the restriction enzyme during recombinant DNA technology?
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DNA ligase
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Which technique is used to create billions of copies of DNA in a short amount of time?
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polymerase chain reaction
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________ uses an electrical field to separate DNA fragments based upon their length.
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Gel electrophoresis
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The purpose of PCR is to create
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billions of copies of a segment of DNA.
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A major difference in the production of transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals is that
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transgenic animals require the use of host animals to carry the genetically modified embryo, while bacteria and plants do not require this.
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The treatment of a disorder by inserting genetic material into an organism is called
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gene therapy.
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________ is the application of computer technologies to the study of the genome.
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Bioinformatics
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A method used to determine if the DNA found at a crime scene belongs to a particular individual is short tandem repeat (STR). This method employs
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repeated sequences found at multiple sites in the DNA.
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-grow two kinds of crops, like the pomato which produces both tomatoes and potatoes. -produce human hormones or antibodies. -are resistant to insect damage. -are resistant to herbicides.
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Transgenic crop plants have been created that do
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-the production of organic chemicals, such as phenylalanine, used in the production of aspartame. -the production of human growth hormones. -the production of chemicals toxic to insects that can be used to protect plants from insects. -bioremediation, when bacteria are used to clean up oil spills or other toxic substances.
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uses for transgenic bacteria
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Bacteria are not used in the production of the pomato, which was developed from the addition of the genes of one plant to another plant.
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bacteria usage
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a procedure where multiple repeating segments of DNA are amplified through PCR, fluorescently labeled and analyzed to determine their length. The repeated sequences will vary in length from one individual to the next since each individual has their own number of times that the sequence is repeated.
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short tandem repeat (STR)
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the study of the structure, function, and interactions of proteins.
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Proteomics
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the study of the structure of nucleotide sequences in DNA
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Genomics
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a type of computer technology
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bioinformatics
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a kind of genetic testing that produces fragments of DNA from a person's genome; those fragments are then separated according to size.
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DNA fingerprinting
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an individual's complete genome, including any mutations.
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Genetic profiling
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What is the substance required to cleave the vector DNA during recombinant DNA technology?
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restriction enzymes
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small accessory rings of DNA from bacteria that are capable of self-replicating
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Plasmids
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pieces of DNA that can be manipulated
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Vectors
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used to break apart the H+ bonds in the DNA strand.
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DNA helicase
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Which of the following procedures would most likely be used to identify a specific individual of a population?
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DNA fingerprinting
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Which technique is preferred when investigators are trying to DNA fingerprint an individual?
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short tandem repeat (STR)
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Parts of the process for PCR (polymerase chain reaction)?
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-the use of an engineered DNA polymerase -multiple cycles of the chain reaction to yield a greater number of DNA copies -All of the answer choices are parts of the process for PCR. -the denaturing of the double-stranded DNA to yield single-strand DNA
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The product of PCR is a _______-stranded DNA. The ______strand is only necessary while the complementary strand is formed against the template strand.
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Double; single
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forms of genetic testing
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Karyotyping, amniocentesis, genetic profiling, and chorionic villi sampling
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used to treat disorders that are genetic in origin by either introducing agents into the cells that allow the correct genetic expression to occur or by removing, directly treating, and then reinserting cells.
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Gene therapy
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The study of proteomics is more complex than the study of genomics because
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each cell in an organism has exactly the same DNA but different cell types each produce different types of proteins.
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In STR, short tandem repeat, profiling, both _______________ and _____________________ are used to identify an individual.
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length or the repeated sequence; number of fragments
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a technique where short repetitive sequences of DNA are replicated through PCR, and then labeled with fluorescence that can be detected by an automated system. The system looks for the length of the repeated sequence, which differs because each person has their own unique number of repeats. It also looks for whether there are one or two lengths involved. If there is only one length, then the person is homozygous for the trait or two different lengths if the person is heterozygous for the trait.
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STR, short tandem repeat
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Which animals have had the bovine growth hormone injected into them in order to produce larger individuals?
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pigs, sheep, fish, cows
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cell death
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apoptosis
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repetitive DNA sequence found near end of chromosomes and thought to help maintain structural stability
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telomeres
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nucleotides and DNA polymerase both necessary for
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polymerase chain reaction to function
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items that can be used for CSI using PCR analysis
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flake of skin, drop of semen, root of hair
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segment of DNA containing genes from 2 different species
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recombinant DNA
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use DNA polymerase with heating/cooling cycles to produce millions copies of DNA
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polymerase chain reaction
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bacteria expressing a cloned gene
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transgenic bacteria
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diseases treated with in vivo gene therapy
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cancers and cystic fibrosis
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products produced by transgenic plants
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antibody to deliver radioisotopes to tumor cell, treatment of genital herpes, antibodies against ebola virus
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genes can produce
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tRNA, proteins, rRNA, mRNA
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study of complete collection of proteins produced by an organism
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proteonmics
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possible functions of introns in eukaryotic genes
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allow variety of proteins to be made form single gene, can regulate gene expression
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order of polymerase chain reaction
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DNA denaturation DNA hybridization with primers DNA extension by DNA polymerase
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GATAGATAGATAGATA
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short tandem repeat
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pharmaceuticals using transgenic animals
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gene pharming
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products made with or derived form genetically modified (transgenic) organisms
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biotechnology
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why we need broader definition of gene
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genes can be split across several loci across genome, end product of some DNA is RNA (not protein), some prokaryotes have RNA genes.
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reasons scientist may want to clone a gene
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use gene for gene therapy, learn how gene codes for protein, produce large quantities of genes protein product
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can be used to introduce gene into cell
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virus, liposome, direct injection
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uses for transgenic bacteria
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growth hormone, vaccines, insulin, and clean up oil spills
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mutation in DNA microarray used to generate a persons
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genetic profile
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small regions of DNA that differ by only one base between an individuals two chromosomes or between 2 individuals in a population
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single nucleotide polymorphisms
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spliced together to produce mRNA transcript that will undergo translation
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exons
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microscopic globules of lipids prepared to carry normal genes in during therapy
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liposomes
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barbara mcclintock discovered
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transposons
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uses of genetic engineering
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cancer and genetic disorder treatments
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identification of similarities between human genome and other organism is past of field of
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comparative genomics
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knowing the sequence of the bases and how many genes an organism has
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structural genomics
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methods of creating genetically modified animals
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vortex mixing of animal cells with foreign DNA, and microinjecting foreign DNA directly into egg cell
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type of functional genomics study utilizing DNA fragments to detect and measure gene expression
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DNA microarray
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single stranded, complementary ends of 2 DNA molecules
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sticky ends
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transposable elements make up what percentage of the human genome
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45%
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uses of genetically modified plants
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hybrid crops, production of human proteins, stronger crops, increased crop yield
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gene pharming may lead to drugs to treat
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cancer, cystic fibrosis, and blood diseases
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DNA sequences able to randomly move from one site to another in genome
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transposons
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direct applications of bioinformatics
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determining function of gene, discovering interplay of genes & proteins in our cells, and comparison of our genome to model organisms
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transposons are able to
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play role in evolution of organisms & regulate activity of other genes
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uses of comparative genomics
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determining evolutionary relationships, finding model organisms to test human gene therapies, comparing genomes over time
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about how many genes do humans have
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25,000 genes
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entire collection of proteins resulting from translation of genes
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proteome
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organisms used in genetic analysis because of their cellular/ genetic mechanism similarities to humans are called
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model organisms
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field that may lead to discover new evolutionary relationships between species
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comparative genomics
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children lack enzyme ADA(adenosine deaminase) which is involved in maturation of T and B cells therefore prone to constant infections and may die without treatment.
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SCID- severe combined immunodeficiency *ex vivo gene therapy
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SCID gene therepy
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remove bone marrow - inject with correction virus - marrow returned to patient - cells produce more blood cells
