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Absolutism

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A political system in which a ruler holds total power

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African Diaspora

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the forced removal of Africans from their homeland to serve as slaves in the Americas

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Amerindians

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original peoples of North and South America; indigenous people.

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Anglican Church

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Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

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Australia

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the smallest continent

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Balance of Power

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distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong

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Bartolomeu Dias

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Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)

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Boers

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Dutch settlers in South Africa

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Brazil

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the largest Latin American country and the largest Portuguese speaking country in the world

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Capitalism

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an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

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CAPTAIN James Cook

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1 of most important Pacific explorers. Compiled reasonalby accurate understanding of world's ocean basins, their lands, and peoples. 3 expeditions: -charted E.Australia & New Zealand. -added Hawaii etc. to European maps -probed waters of Arctic Ocean

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Caravel

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A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

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Catholic Reformation

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Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

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Charles V

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Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religous unity in Europe. He was preocuppied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not soley focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.

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Christopher Columbus

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Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

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Columbian Exchange

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The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

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conquistadores

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Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

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Constitutional Governments

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Governments that reserve a large space for civil society to act independently

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Council of Trent

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The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.

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Counter reformation

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the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

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creoles

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In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples.

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Deism

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The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

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Divine Right

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the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.

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Edict of Nantes

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1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants

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encomenderos

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The noblemen that accumulate great wealth through the exploitation of the natives. The monastic orders stood up against them

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encomiendas

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Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies.

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English Civil War

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This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished

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Enlightenment

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A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics.

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Favorable Balance of Trade

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an economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad

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Ferdinand Magellan

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Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

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firearms

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A portable weapon that fires ammunition such as a pistol or rifle

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Francis Drake

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English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

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Geneva

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Became home to protestant exiles from England, Scotland, and France, who later returned to their countries with Calvinist ideas. Calvin established a theocracy in Geneva by 1540

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Glorious Revolution

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In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights.

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hacienda

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the main house on a ranch or large estate

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Hapsburg Family

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Controlled Austria, Hungary, and parts of the Holy Roman Empire. They stayed in power over 700 years (until WW1) Catholic dynasty of Spain Elected Holy Roman Emporers between 1438 and 1740 rulers of Autrian and Spanish empires want to reverse protestant gains on the HRE in the 30 years war.

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Hawai'i

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James Cook died here

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Henry VIII

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English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

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Holy Roman Empire

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Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. (pp. 260, 449) Charlemagne

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Humanism

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the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason

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indentured servitude

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person who agreed to work for a colonial employer for a specified time in exchange for passage to america.

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indulgences

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Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

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Institutes of the Christian Religion

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Written by John Calvin, it contained four books which codified Protestant theology. Among these beliefs were the ultimate authority of the word of God, the depravity of man, and his belief that the Bible is the only source of Revelation.

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Jesuits

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Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.

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John Calvin

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French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion

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joint-stock companies

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An association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business

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Kongo

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the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo people living in the tropical forests of Zaire and Congo and Angola

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Leonardo da Vinci

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Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

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Lima

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capital and largest city and economic center of Peru

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Louis XIV

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king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715) the Sun King

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Martin Luther

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a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

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Mercantilism

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an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

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mestizo

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a person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry)

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Mexico City

answer

the capital and largest city of Mexico is a political and cultural and commercial and industrial center

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Middle Passage

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A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

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Mit'a

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Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.

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mulattoes

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People of African and European descent

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Ninety-Five Theses

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This was the letter Martin Luther wrote to Archbishop Albert which explained that indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance

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Palace at Versailles

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Built by King Louis XIV during his reign. Beautiful, although began to run France into debt because of its over-the-top size and design. People of Versailles were forced to live there, in fear that if they lived elsewhere they would revolt or become too independent.

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patrons

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a person who supports artists, especially financially

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peninsulares

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Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class

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Peter the Great

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Czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government.

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philosophes

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Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.

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Prince Henry

answer

Known as the _____ the Navigator, gathered experts in science, mapmaking, and shipbuilding whose work led to a fleet of ships that explored the coast of west Africa

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Protestant Reformation

answer

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church

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Prussia

answer

the most powerful German state in the Holy Roman Empire

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Renaissance

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the revival of learning and culture

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Renaissance man

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a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics

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Rule of Law

answer

principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern

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Russia

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Peter the Great

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Scientific Revolution

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the era of scientific thought in europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned

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secular

answer

Worldly; not pertaining to church matters or religion; temporal

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Seven Years' War

answer

Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

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small pox

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Disease spread by Europeans in the Americas. Led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans in North and South America

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St. Ignatius of Loyola

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- Founded Jesuit Order in 1534 (approved by pope in 1540), Militant arm of Catholic Church to convert people to Catholicism, Went to the New World to preach, Established Jesuit Schools which were originally seminary schools.

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St. Petersburg

answer

Capitol city created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. It was built on land taken from Sweeden

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Sugar

answer

main cause African Slaves

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Thirty Years' War

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War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia

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tobacco

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Cash Crop of the Americas

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Treaty of Tordesillas

answer

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

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Treaty of Westphalia

answer

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

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Triangular Slave Trade

answer

A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.

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Vasco de Gama

answer

A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean

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vernacular

answer

the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language)

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Viceroyalties

answer

The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.

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Viceroys

answer

Royal governors sent by Spain to rule in the King's name.

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War of Spanish Succession

answer

Spanish Habsburg king Charles II gave Spanish territories to Louis XIV's grandson, and the other countries feared European domination by Louis XIV. French poorly equipped in war against England.

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westernization

answer

adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture

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witches

answer

usually women, unmarried or widowed; believed to have used magic for evil purposes

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Zheng He

answer

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

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