Ch 21 Economic Advance and Social Unrest – Flashcards

-Textile Revolution (mass production of clothing and cheaper production that was faster) -Power Loom (faster clothing production) -Changes in agricultural methods -Growth of Communication (more global connection) -Newspaper and Printing Methods -Technology in steel

Before the Industrial Revolution all work was done by hand, and now it is mainly done by machines. Also when the Industrial Revolution came, the style of living for everyone changed creating other classes other than "rich" and "poor" hence the "middle class" which the majority of the English and American population is

They were forced to find jobs in the factories since they produced far less and their items always cost more than those produced in factories.

This process is called Proletarianization, and it is the switch to wage labor. This means that artisans began to lose controls of trade, as well as means of production. The factory workers were essentially much better off than the textile workers.

Cottage industries preceded the industrial revolution, as women were typically the ones responsible for spinning and sewing while men would be engaged in farming and agricultural activities. This was inefficient and slow compared to the practices of the Industrial Revolution, and so working-class families quickly relocated into the cities and the rural population shrunk wildly. The price of many items dropped, and so the act of having hours and shifts began to evolve.

Children and women were asked to take on larger jobs and they were employed in new locations in the textile and factories since men weren't always present at these locations.

In the early 19th century, many women worked in the home, but due to the men traveling or going to war, women had higher responsibility over farms and plantations. They also took up jobs in servitude on many plantations and in households. About 15% of women worked as business owners or skilled traders, but they were often in factories if not elsewhere. They had lower pay than men did.

The working class' main goals included supporting their families, working hard to build infrastructure which would turn the workforce of the economy, developing more land into a greater agricultural and industrial plot that would encourage economic growth, and to sustain the fueling cities with more products that would support the growth. The middle class was responsible for their families, inducing more trade and economic growth by expanding trade and business into new cities, spreading optimism with the other middle class families whose growth was the driving force of the economy, and also to build trade and government balances within the household system.

The classes pursued different goals because the middle class was much better off financially than the working class, and the continued inter-European trade network was mostly controlled by those who mostly operated on it. They both pursue different thoughts and positions in what they can do to fuel the economy.

The expansion of town and cities led to a drastic increase in crime due to anonymity. Individual boroughs would have police forces that would aid in keeping citizens safe, and later on funds from government allowed for these originally privatized defenses to disappear.

The prisons began to realize how inhumane their treatment of captives was, and many diseases spread through the cells as hundreds of people were crammed into extremely small spaces. Due to this simple fact, that a number of journalists began to report on, reform began in the prisons to be more accommodating.

An economic system in between capitalism and communism, advocating collective ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods.

The early socialists wanted to reform the economy and politics of the Industrial Revolution so that the wealthy did not end up owning too much in disproportion to the workers and commoners of businesses.

Karl Marx's social theories revolved around human behavior and interaction in a free state which is free from any external pressure. It proposed equality without any strata, but Utopian socialists were on borderline less liberal to the rights and freedom in a socialist movement, as even that movement had to have a hierarchy.

The proletariat would revolt against and overthrow the owners of the means of production, such as the bourgeoisie. The victory of the proletariat would mean that, for the first time in history, one group of people would not be oppressing another. Thsi new society would be called Communism. The new society would indirectly transition to Communism via a socialist stage, where class distinctions remained in existence and power while the means of production, being socialized, would break down the existing social distinctions in society.

Liberalists generally consider individual liberties and equality of the people and the opportunities of the people as their most important political goals. Liberals believed that economic systems without government intervention would benefit society more and would be more efficient for prosperity. In other words, "laissez-faire" would allow the event to take its course. Nationalists of the time were focused on the nation and the nation alone. Not only Liberals, but Marxists and Anarchists, formed opposition toward nationalists. They wanted liberty for the people and equality restored. Nationalists loved the idea as well but they wanted their government involved as Liberalists did not.

They all had several underlying ideas that were different, and the balances between the numbers of various political groups changed, but overall, they did seem to all have similar, if not the same, underlying motivation.

The revolutionaries were idealistic and divided by the multiplicity of aims for which they fought: social, economic, liberal, and national. Conservative forces exploited these divisions,a nd revolutionaries suffered from mediocre leadership. Middle-class revolutionaries feared the lower classes, evidencing different ideas; counter-revolutions exploited the gaps. as some reforms were enacted and the economy improved, some revolutionaries lost heart.

Political liberals from the middle class represented the dynamic force of change. They sought civil liberties as well as an unregulated economic life. For a time, the liberals united with the workers, but as the revolts became more violet, the allies became combatants. Nationalists aligned with revolutionary forces only when it supported their ideas of states being created from a common culture, people, and language.

The commercial and industrial economies were depressed and unemployment was widespread amongst the working class, and so since there were differences between the individuals who identified as liberals and nationalists, they sometimes clashed on a political scale.