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Democracy in America

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Published by Alexis Tocqueville who visited the US in 1831. It was about the relative absence of both great wealth and great poverty; the modest properity of the broad middle class created the impression of equality

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Alexis Tocqueville

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He visited the US in 1831 and published his book Democracy in America in 1835. He was impressed about the relative absence of both great wealth and great poverty; the modest properity of the broad middle class created the impression of equality

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Patrons of Husbandry

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known as the Grange, founded in 1867. It was an umbrella organization for many of the farmer's cooperations to sell crops and buy supplies.

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railroad

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the single most important agent of economic growth during these years.

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Grange

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also known as Patrons of Husbandry. Founded in 1867. It was an umbrella organization for many of the farmer's cooperations to sell crops and buy supplies.

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Munn v Illinois

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1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. This case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

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Interstate Commerce Act

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Made in 1887. This act, like most such laws, was a compromise that reflected the varying viewpoints of shippers, railroads, and other pressure groups It outlawed poos, discriminatory rates, long- haul versus short- haul differentials, and rebates to favor shippers

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Interstate Commerce Commission

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The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 created this to define it on a case- by - case basis. It had minimal enforcement powers and federal courts frequently refused to issue the orders requested

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Thorstein Veblen

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He wrote The Theory of the Leisure Class in 1899. In the book he stated that many wealthy people practiced a "conspicuous consumption"

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The Theory of the Leisure class

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Written by Thorstein Veblen in 1899. It stated that many wealthy people practiced a "conspicuous consumption"

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Gilded Age

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1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

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robber barons

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Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.(Examples were William Vanderbilt, Jay Gould, Jim Fisk, and Collis Huntington)

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John Rockefeler

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He was a big business owner who became a robber baron by his oil business. He either bought out or ruined his competitors, obtained rebates and drawbacks on rail shipments of oil, and created a monopoly in his determined efforts to gain control of oil refining. He gave a lot of his wealth to educational and philanthropic institutions.

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Andrew Carnegie

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He was a big business owner who became a robber baron by his steel business. Along side Frick, he pushed laborers to the limit in 72 hour workweeks, redefined skill levels, and changed work rules to sped up the pace in steel mills. He gave a lot of his wealth to educational and philanthropic institutions.

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Collis Huntington

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He was a big business owner who became a robber baron by his railroding business

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Gould

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He was a big business owner who became a robber baron by his railroding business. Also, along side Fisk, he bribed legislators, manipulated the stock market, exploited workers, and cheated stockholder

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Fisk

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He was a big business owner who became a robber baron by his railroding business. Also, along side Gould, he bribed legislators, manipulated the stock market, exploited workers, and cheated stockholder

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Henry Clay Frick

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He was a big business owner who became a robber baron by his steel business. Along side Carnegie, he pushed laborers to the limit in 72 hour workweeks, redefined skill levels, and changed work rules to sped up the pace in steel mills.

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anti-trust movement

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These movements emerged in the 1880s. The term can be applied to all large corporations that controlled a substantial share of any given market. Many states passed these laws, but because the corporations crossed state lines many reformers turned to Congress. Congress responded by passing the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890

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Sherman Antitrust Act

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Was passed by Congress in 1890 in response to reformers pressing Congress for better laws to protect people against corporations. The act stated that "Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states is hereby declared to be illegal.

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US v EC Knights Co.

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In 1895, the Supreme Court dealt the Sherman Act a crippling blow in which it ruled that manufacturing was not commerce and therefore did not fall under jurisdiction of the law

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National Labor Union

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1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers. Withered away in the depression of the 1870s

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Molly Maguires

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In the coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania, she carried out guerrilla warfare against mine owners

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Greenbackers

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a group that urged currency expansion

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Panic of 1873

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Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver)

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1877 Railroad strike

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Eastern railroad announced a 10% wage cut, which caused workers to stop rail service from Baltimore to St. Louis. Hayes sent troops to calm down the rioting, and it became the first major national labor conflict

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Knights of Labor

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It was the principal labor organization that emerged. Founded in Philly in 1869. Under the leadership of Terrence V Powderly they abandoned secrecy in 1979 and emerged as a potent national federation of unions

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Terrence Powderly

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He led the Knights of Labor and under his leadership, in 1879 they abandoned secrecy and emerged as a potent national federation of unions

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collective bargaining

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negotiation between an employer and trade union. The Knights supported this and discouraged strikes

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scabs

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strikebreakers who replaced strikers

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Haymarket

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Strikers and police had a confrontation while a strike was in progress on May 4, 1886, at the McCormick reaper works in Chicago. The police were attempting to break up the meeting when a bomb was thrown by a protester. A violent gun battle ensued in which seven police were killed.

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anarchists

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people who oppose organized government. they infiltrated some trade unions in Chicago and leaped aboard the bandwagon of a national movement centered in that city for a general strike on May 1, 1886

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American Federation of Labor

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(AFL) Founded in 1886 and was a loosely affiliated association of unions organized by trade or craft. Under the leadership of Samuel Gompers, an immigrant cigar maker. It accepted capitalism and the wage system and worked for better conditions

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Samuel Gompers

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Lead the AFL. He was an immigrant cigar maker.

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Henry George

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a self educated autho who spend 15 yrs working as a sailor, printer, and prospector before becoming a newspaper editor in CA. He wrote Progress and Poverty

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Progress and Poverty

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it was a book on economics that got best- seller status. By 1902 it had sold 2 million copies and been translated into several languages

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Edward Bellamy

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Author of Looking Backward. He was a NE writer imbued with the tenets of Christian reform.

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Looking Backward

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Wrote by Edward Bellamy. It takes place in the yr 2000 and contrasts the America of that year with the America of 1887.

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Homestead strike

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1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.

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Panic of 1893

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Serious economic depression. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

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Jacob Coxey

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A reformer in Ohio who conceived the idea of sending Congress a "living petition" of unemployed workers to press for appropriations to put them to work on road building and other public works.

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Pullman Strike

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Workers in the large factory complex run by Pullman went on strike when the company fired 1/3 of its workers and cut wages 30% for the rest, but did not reduce rents of company houses and prices in company stores.

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Eugene Debs

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The railroad Union had been founded the year before the Pullman strike by him. He was a native of Indiana and had been elected secretary of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen in 1875. By 1893 he had become convinced that the conservative stance of the railroad craft unions was contrary to the best interests of labor. He formed the ARU to include all railroad workers in one union.

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ARU

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created by Eugene Debs. It was to include all railroad workers in one union.

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John Altegeld

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Governor of Illinois who protested Cleveland sending in federal troops.

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Greenback Party

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Many farmers in 1876 and 1880 supported this party whose platform called for the issuance of more US Treasury notes (greenbacks).

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free silver

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the gov't purchase of all silver offered for sale at a price of 16 to 1 and its coinage into silver dollars

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16 -1

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Until 1873 the gov't had coined both silver and gold dollars at a ratio of (blank)

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Sherman Silver Purchase Act

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Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.

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Crime of 1873

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The Fourth Coinage Act was enacted by the United States Congress in 1873 and embraced the gold standard and de-monetized silver. U.S. set the specie standard in gold and not silver, upsetting miners who referred to it as a crime

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Bland- Allison Act

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1878 - Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.

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National Farmers' Alliance

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A farmers' organization that emerged in the 1880s. It set up marketing cooperatives as it reached out to 2 million families. It served the social needs of farm families by bringing them together. It's objectives were a graduated income tax; direct election of US senators; free and unlimited coinage of silver at a ratio of 16-1; effective govt control and , if necessary, ownership of railroad, telegraph, and telephone companies

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People's Party

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Members were known as populists. In 1890 farmers helped elect numerous state legislators and congressmen who pledged to support their cause.

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populists

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members of the People's Party

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Leonidas Polk

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He was the most prominent leader of the Farmer's Alliance. He was a Confederate veteran and commanded suport in the West as well as in the South. He would have been nominated for president by the People's Party but he died in 1892

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James Weaver

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He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.

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William Bryan

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This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

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William McKinley

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Nominated by Republicans for the election of 1896. He won.

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front porch campaign

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McKinley waged this in the election of 1896. Various delegations visited his home in Canton, OH, to hear carefully crafted speeches that were widely publicized in the mostly Republican press.

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business cycle

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Cycle of the economy in which it circulates through a slump, recession, rise, and boom

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Election of 1896

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Most impassioned and exciting election inn a generation. Many Americans believed the fate of the nation hinged on the outcome. The Republican candidate was McKinley; the Democratic candidate was Bryan. McKinley won.

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