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Ch. 18 – Flashcards

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8 July 2022

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All target cells

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have hormone receptors and respond to chemical signals.

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Gap junctions

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coordinate ciliary movement among epithelial cells. coordinate the contractions of cardiac muscle cells. facilitate the propagation of action potentials from one cell to the next at electrical synapses. all of the above

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All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't

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function independently of the endocrine system. (NOT) respond specifically to stimuli. communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. respond rapidly to stimuli. respond with motor output.

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Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.

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hormones; neurotransmitters

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The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ion. This complex can then activate enzymes.

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calmodulin

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The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the ________.

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adenohypophysis

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All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they

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bind to receptors within the cell. are produced by the suprarenal medulla. (NOT) are lipids. are produced by reproductive glands. are derived from cholesterol

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The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the ________.

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neurohypophysis

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A kinase is an enzyme that performs

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phosphorylation

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Steroid hormones

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bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.

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Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein

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calmodulin

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When adenyl cyclase is activated,

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only ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

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Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of

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cAMP

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An activated G protein can trigger

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the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane. a fall in cAMP levels. the production of diacylglycerol. the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. all of the above

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The most complex endocrine responses involve the

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hypothalamus

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After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

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gene transcription is initiated.

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Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include

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peptides. eicosanoids. amino acid derivatives. steroids. all of the above

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Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

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derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.

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Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

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ADH

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The kidneys secrete

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calcitriol. renin. erythropoietin. all of the above

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A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s).

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one

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When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the

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second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

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Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors?

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blood level of glucose nervous stimuli blood level of a hormone blood level of an ion-like potassium any of the above

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Peptide hormones are

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composed of amino acids.

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Endocrine cells

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release their secretions directly into body fluids.

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The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ.

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endocrine

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Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect

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quantities of enzymes. synthesis of enzymes. gating of ion channels. activities of enzymes. any of the above

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The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

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a G protein.

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The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways.

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endocrine

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Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

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thyroid gland.

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Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except

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melatonin. thyroid hormone. norepinephrine. epinephrine. thyroid-stimulating hormone (NOT)

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Hormones can operate on the ________ level of organization.

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organismic organ cellular tissue any of the above

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The action of thyroid hormone on a target cell involves all these steps except one. Identify the incorrect step.

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binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma membrane

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Regulatory factors that control secretion of adenohypophyseal hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus.

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median eminence

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The hypophyseal portal system

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has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins, carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary, and carries ADH and oxytocin.

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The hormone oxytocin

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promotes uterine contractions, is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands, and triggers prostate gland contraction.

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Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture

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ADH and oxytocin.

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The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

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Which of the following cooperate to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion?

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prolactin estrogens progesterone placental hormones all of the above

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Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?

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cyclic AMP

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The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

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FSH

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The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by

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secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.

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The posterior pituitary gland secretes

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ADH

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The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is

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ACTH

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The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

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somatotropin

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The primary function of ADH is to

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decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.

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The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

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prolactin

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The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

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ADH.

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The hormone that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is

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oxytocin

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The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

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TSH.

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The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is

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MSH

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Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis, except

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TSH. oxytocin. (NOT) somatotropin. corticotropin. FSH.

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Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called

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somatomedins.

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The hormone that opposes the release of FSH in both males and females is

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inhibin.

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TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.

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both synthesis and release

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Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia

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in some disease processes. during fetal development. during pregnancy. in very young children. all of the above

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Which of the following hormones is water soluble and therefore binds to extracellular receptors?

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insulin and epinephrine only

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Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin?

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mammary glands uterus prostate ductus deferens all of the above

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If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?

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TSH, ACTH, and PRL

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Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?

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loss of ADH secretion

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The adenohypophysis can be divided into three parts, the pars ________, the pars ________, and the pars ________.

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distalis,intermedia,tuberalis

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Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called ________.

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gonadotropins

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Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

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parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

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A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

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calcitonin

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The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?

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Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?

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in the lumen of the thyroid follicle

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The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

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thyroxine.

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Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to

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goiter. cretinism. hypothyroidism. high blood levels of TSH. any of the above

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Thyroid hormone contains the element

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iodine

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The C cells of the thyroid gland produce

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calcitonin.

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Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of

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hypothyroidism.

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The control of calcitonin excretion is an example of direct ________ regulation.

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endocrine

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Which of the following is not an action of TSH?

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inhibits T3 and T4 secretion (NOT) increases cyclic AMP concentration within thyroid follicle cells stimulates T3 and T4 secretion stimulates iodide trapping by thyroid follicle cells stimulates pinocytosis of colloid by thyroid follicle cells

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The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the ________.

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isthmus

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Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood.

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PTH

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The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

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parathyroid hormone.

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The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

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increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.

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Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn't

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build up bone. (NOT) stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. inhibit osteoblast activity. stimulate osteoclast activity. enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys.

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The suprarenal medulla produces

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catecholamines

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The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.

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suprarenal

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Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of

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aldosterone

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A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is

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cortisol.

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The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces

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mineralocorticoids.

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Cushing disease results from an excess of

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glucocorticoids

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A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is

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aldosterone

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The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces

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androgens

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Cells of the suprarenal cortex produce

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aldosterone

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The suprarenal medulla produces the hormones

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epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces

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glucocorticoids.

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Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in

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decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.

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A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following, except

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the rate of glycogen formation by the liver. ACTH levels. (NOT) the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver. the level of fatty acids in the blood. fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells.

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Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the suprarenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, to grow extensive body hair, and to stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the

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zona reticularis.

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The suprarenal cortex produces steroid hormones called ________.

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corticosteroids

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Each of the following is true of the pineal gland, except that it

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secretes melatonin. contains pinealocytes. responds to light and darkness. is a component of the epithalamus. is a component of the hypothalamus (NOT)

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The condition known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be caused by

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increased levels of melatonin.

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Melatonin is produced by the

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pineal gland

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Pinealocytes produce

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melatonin

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Which of these statements about melatonin is false?

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exposure to light inhibits production exposure to light stimulates production (NOT) inhibits releases of GnRH made from serotonin produced by pinealocytes

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The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce

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somatostatin

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The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is

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insulin

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The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces

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digestive enzymes.

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Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in

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diabetes mellitus.

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The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is

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insulin.

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When blood glucose levels rise,

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insulin is released.

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Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________.

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glucagon; insulin

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When blood glucose levels fall,

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glucagon is released.

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The pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

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contain four types of endocrine cells.

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If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting

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glucagon

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The term used to describe excess production of urine is

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polyuria

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A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in all of the following, except

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elevated blood pressure. increased urine production. (NOT) increased blood volume. increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney. increased water retention

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The heart is known to secrete all of the following hormones, except

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BNP. ANP. thymosin. thyroxine. both thymosin and thyroxine (NOT)

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The primary target of insulin is

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skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells, adipocytes, and liver cells.

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A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes

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progesterone.

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The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of

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angiotensin

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Follicle cells in the ovary secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.

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estrogen

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The interstitial cells of the testes produce

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testosterone.

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Which of these hormones increases production of red blood cells?

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erythropoietin

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Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by converting enzymes in the

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lungs

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The hormones that are important for coordinating the immune response are

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thymosins.

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In general, the effects of natriuretic peptides ________ those of angiotensin II.

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oppose

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Decreased blood flow to the kidneys would lead to which of the following?

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elevated blood levels of angiotensin increased blood levels of erythropoietin increased blood levels of renin all of the above

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During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

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lipid reserves are mobilized.

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Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at the same time.

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many

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If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

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resistance

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The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is

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epinephrine

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Proper growth requires which of these hormones?

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calcitriol thyroid hormone growth hormone insulin all of the above

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________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

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hormones

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During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) there is

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mobilization of energy reserves.

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A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is

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cortisol

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When hormones interact they can produce any of the following kinds of effects, except

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antagonistic. permissive. integrative. bucolic. (NOT) synergistic

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Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause

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gigantism

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Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the

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glucocorticoids

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The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by

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decreased resistance to disease and infection.

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After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?

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ADH

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If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?

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both increase of insulin and increase of blood glucose

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Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?

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low blood glucose

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Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

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growth hormone

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Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

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epinephrine

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Two hormones that have opposing effects are called ________.

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antagonists

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Two hormones that have additive effects are called ________.

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synergists

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When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called ________.

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permissive

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Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called ________.

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integrative

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The hormone that dominates the alarm phase of the stress response is ________.

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epinephrine

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The condition known as goiter can result from too

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little iodine in the diet.

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Too little secretion of cortisol and aldosterone causes

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Addison disease.

Ch. 18 – Flashcards

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